新時(shí)代的中國(guó)能源發(fā)展
Energy in China’s New Era
中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2020年12月
December 2020
目錄
Contents
前言
Preamble
一、走新時(shí)代能源高質(zhì)量發(fā)展之路
I. Developing High-Quality Energy in the New Era
二、能源發(fā)展取得歷史性成就
II. Historic Achievements in Energy Development
三、全面推進(jìn)能源消費(fèi)方式變革
III. An All-Round Effort to Reform Energy Consumption
四、建設(shè)多元清潔的能源供應(yīng)體系
IV. Building a Clean and Diversified Energy Supply System
五、發(fā)揮科技創(chuàng)新第一動(dòng)力作用
V. Leveraging the Role of Innovation as the Primary Driver of Development
六、全面深化能源體制改革
VI. Deeper Reform of the Energy System in All Areas
七、全方位加強(qiáng)能源國(guó)際合作
VII. Strengthening International Energy Cooperation Across the Board
結(jié)束語(yǔ)
Conclusion
前言
Preamble
能源是人類文明進(jìn)步的基礎(chǔ)和動(dòng)力，攸關(guān)國(guó)計(jì)民生和國(guó)家安全，關(guān)系人類生存和發(fā)展，對(duì)于促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展、增進(jìn)人民福祉至關(guān)重要。
Energy is the foundation and driving force for the progress of human civilization. It matters to the economy, to people’s lives, to national security, and to the survival and development of humanity. It is of vital importance in advancing social and economic development and public welfare.
新中國(guó)成立以來(lái)，在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國(guó)自力更生、艱苦奮斗，逐步建成較為完備的能源工業(yè)體系。改革開放以來(lái)，中國(guó)適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)快速發(fā)展需要，推進(jìn)能源全面、協(xié)調(diào)、可持續(xù)發(fā)展，成為世界上最大的能源生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)國(guó)和能源利用效率提升最快的國(guó)家。
Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), a relatively complete energy industry system has been established. This has largely been achieved through self-reliance and hard work. Since the launch of the reform and opening-up policy in 1978, to adapt to the rapid development of the economy and society, China has promoted the development of energy in a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable manner. Today, China has become the world’s largest energy producer and consumer. Its transition to efficient energy utilization has been the fastest in the world.
中共十八大以來(lái)，中國(guó)發(fā)展進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，中國(guó)的能源發(fā)展也進(jìn)入新時(shí)代。習(xí)近平主席提出“四個(gè)革命、一個(gè)合作”能源安全新戰(zhàn)略，為新時(shí)代中國(guó)能源發(fā)展指明了方向，開辟了中國(guó)特色能源發(fā)展新道路。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、開放、共享的新發(fā)展理念，以推動(dòng)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展為主題，以深化供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革為主線，全面推進(jìn)能源消費(fèi)方式變革，構(gòu)建多元清潔的能源供應(yīng)體系，實(shí)施創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，不斷深化能源體制改革，持續(xù)推進(jìn)能源領(lǐng)域國(guó)際合作，中國(guó)能源進(jìn)入高質(zhì)量發(fā)展新階段。
Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, China has entered a new era, as has its energy development. In 2014, President Xi Jinping put forward a new energy security strategy featuring Four Reforms and One Cooperation, pointing out the direction for the quality growth of the energy industry with Chinese characteristics in the new era. China upholds the vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development with focus on high quality and restructuring of the supply side. It has been working on all fronts to reform the ways energy is consumed, to build a clean and diversified energy supply system, to implement an innovation-driven energy strategy, to further the reform of the energy system, and to enhance international energy cooperation. China has entered a stage of high-quality energy development.
生態(tài)興則文明興。面對(duì)氣候變化、環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)挑戰(zhàn)、能源資源約束等日益嚴(yán)峻的全球問(wèn)題，中國(guó)樹立人類命運(yùn)共同體理念，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展全面綠色轉(zhuǎn)型，在努力推動(dòng)本國(guó)能源清潔低碳發(fā)展的同時(shí)，積極參與全球能源治理，與各國(guó)一道尋求加快推進(jìn)全球能源可持續(xù)發(fā)展新道路。習(xí)近平主席在第七十五屆聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)一般性辯論上宣布，中國(guó)將提高國(guó)家自主貢獻(xiàn)力度，采取更加有力的政策和措施，二氧化碳排放力爭(zhēng)于2030年前達(dá)到峰值，努力爭(zhēng)取2060年前實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和。新時(shí)代中國(guó)的能源發(fā)展，為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展提供有力支撐，也為維護(hù)世界能源安全、應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化、促進(jìn)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。
A thriving civilization calls for a good eco-environment. Facing increasingly severe global problems such as climate change, environmental risks and challenges, and energy and resource constraints, China embraces the vision of a global community of shared future and accelerates its transformation towards green and low-carbon development in economy and society. In addition to promoting clean and low-carbon energy use domestically, China has been an active participant in global energy governance, exploring a path of worldwide sustainable energy alongside other countries. At the general debates of the 75th United Nations General Assembly in September 2020, President Xi pledged that China will scale up its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions by adopting more vigorous policies and measures, striving to have carbon dioxide emissions peak before 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. In the new era, China’s energy strategy will provide forceful support for sound and sustained economic and social development, and make a significant contribution to ensuring world energy security, addressing global climate change, and boosting global economic growth.
為介紹新時(shí)代中國(guó)能源發(fā)展成就，全面闡述中國(guó)推進(jìn)能源革命的主要政策和重大舉措，特發(fā)布本白皮書。
The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to provide a full picture of China’s achievements in its energy development and its major policies and measures for energy reform.
一、走新時(shí)代能源高質(zhì)量發(fā)展之路
I. Developing High-Quality Energy in the New Era
新時(shí)代的中國(guó)能源發(fā)展，積極適應(yīng)國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)際形勢(shì)的新發(fā)展新要求，堅(jiān)定不移走高質(zhì)量發(fā)展新道路，更好服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展，更好服務(wù)美麗中國(guó)、健康中國(guó)建設(shè)，更好推動(dòng)建設(shè)清潔美麗世界。
China’s energy strategy in the new era endeavors to adapt to domestic and international changes and meet new requirements. China will continue to develop high-quality energy to better serve economic and social progress, support the Beautiful China and Healthy China initiatives, and build a clean and beautiful world.
（一）能源安全新戰(zhàn)略
1. The New Energy Security Strategy
新時(shí)代的中國(guó)能源發(fā)展，貫徹“四個(gè)革命、一個(gè)合作”能源安全新戰(zhàn)略。
In its energy plans for the new era, China has adopted a new strategy featuring Four Reforms and One Cooperation.
——推動(dòng)能源消費(fèi)革命，抑制不合理能源消費(fèi)。堅(jiān)持節(jié)能優(yōu)先方針，完善能源消費(fèi)總量管理，強(qiáng)化能耗強(qiáng)度控制，把節(jié)能貫穿于經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展全過(guò)程和各領(lǐng)域。堅(jiān)定調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，高度重視城鎮(zhèn)化節(jié)能，推動(dòng)形成綠色低碳交通運(yùn)輸體系。在全社會(huì)倡導(dǎo)勤儉節(jié)約的消費(fèi)觀，培育節(jié)約能源和使用綠色能源的生產(chǎn)生活方式，加快形成能源節(jié)約型社會(huì)。
– One reform to improve the energy consumption structure by containing unnecessary consumption. China is determined to carry out the principle of prioritizing energy conservation, and has tightened the control of total energy consumption and energy use intensity, and enforced energy conservation in all areas of social and economic development. It resolves to adjust its industrial structure. It emphasizes energy conservation in the process of urbanization, and works to develop a green and low-carbon transport system. China encourages hard work and thrift and calls people to conserve energy and work and live with green energy, and move faster towards an energy-saving society.
——推動(dòng)能源供給革命，建立多元供應(yīng)體系。堅(jiān)持綠色發(fā)展導(dǎo)向，大力推進(jìn)化石能源清潔高效利用，優(yōu)先發(fā)展可再生能源，安全有序發(fā)展核電，加快提升非化石能源在能源供應(yīng)中的比重。大力提升油氣勘探開發(fā)力度，推動(dòng)油氣增儲(chǔ)上產(chǎn)。推進(jìn)煤電油氣產(chǎn)供儲(chǔ)銷體系建設(shè)，完善能源輸送網(wǎng)絡(luò)和儲(chǔ)存設(shè)施，健全能源儲(chǔ)運(yùn)和調(diào)峰應(yīng)急體系，不斷提升能源供應(yīng)的質(zhì)量和安全保障能力。
– One reform to build a more diversified energy supply structure. In the direction of green development, China has been vigorously promoting the clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy, prioritizing the development of renewable energy, developing nuclear power in a safe and orderly manner, and raising the proportion of non-fossil energy in the energy supply structure. China has intensified efforts for the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources, to increase reserve and production volumes. China has been building the production, supply, storage and sales systems for coal, electricity, oil and gas, while improving energy transportation networks, storage facilities, the emergency response system for energy storage, transportation and peak load management, and enhancing its supply capacity for safer and higher-quality energy.
——推動(dòng)能源技術(shù)革命，帶動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)。深入實(shí)施創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，構(gòu)建綠色能源技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體系，全面提升能源科技和裝備水平。加強(qiáng)能源領(lǐng)域基礎(chǔ)研究以及共性技術(shù)、顛覆性技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，強(qiáng)化原始創(chuàng)新和集成創(chuàng)新。著力推動(dòng)數(shù)字化、大數(shù)據(jù)、人工智能技術(shù)與能源清潔高效開發(fā)利用技術(shù)的融合創(chuàng)新，大力發(fā)展智慧能源技術(shù)，把能源技術(shù)及其關(guān)聯(lián)產(chǎn)業(yè)培育成帶動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)的新增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。
– One reform to improve energy technologies to upgrade the industry. China is implementing the innovation-driven development strategy, building a system that nurtures innovation in green energy technologies, and upgrading energy technologies and equipment in an all-round way. China has strengthened basic research on energy, innovation in generic and disruptive technologies, and original and integrated innovation. China has started to integrate digital, big-data and AI technologies with technologies for clean and efficient energy exploration and exploitation, with a focus on smart energy technologies, to turn these technologies and related industries into new growth drivers for industrial upgrading.
——推動(dòng)能源體制革命，打通能源發(fā)展快車道。堅(jiān)定不移推進(jìn)能源領(lǐng)域市場(chǎng)化改革，還原能源商品屬性，形成統(tǒng)一開放、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有序的能源市場(chǎng)。推進(jìn)能源價(jià)格改革，形成主要由市場(chǎng)決定能源價(jià)格的機(jī)制。健全能源法治體系，創(chuàng)新能源科學(xué)管理模式，推進(jìn)“放管服”改革，加強(qiáng)規(guī)劃和政策引導(dǎo)，健全行業(yè)監(jiān)管體系。
– One reform to optimize the energy system for faster growth of the energy sector. China is determined to promote energy market reform, to marketize energy commodities and form a unified and open market with orderly competition. China is furthering energy pricing reform, to create a mechanism in which the market determines the price. China has been working to modernize its law-based energy governance system, developing new models of efficient energy management, and pushing forward reforms to streamline government administration, delegate powers, improve regulation, and upgrade service. It has strengthened planning and policy guidance for the energy sector, and improved the regulatory system of the energy industry.
——全方位加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作，實(shí)現(xiàn)開放條件下能源安全。堅(jiān)持互利共贏、平等互惠原則，全面擴(kuò)大開放，積極融入世界。推動(dòng)共建“一帶一路”能源綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展，促進(jìn)能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通。積極參與全球能源治理，加強(qiáng)能源領(lǐng)域國(guó)際交流合作，暢通能源國(guó)際貿(mào)易、促進(jìn)能源投資便利化，共同構(gòu)建能源國(guó)際合作新格局，維護(hù)全球能源市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)定和共同安全。
– Comprehensive cooperation with other countries to realize energy security in an open environment. Under the principle of equality and mutual benefit, China is opening its door wider to the world. China promotes green and sustainable energy under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and endeavors to improve energy infrastructure connectivity. China has been an active participant in global energy governance, increasing energy cooperation and exchanges with other countries, and facilitating international trade and investment in the energy sector. China has joined the international community in building a new model of energy cooperation, maintaining energy market stability, and safeguarding common energy security.
（二）新時(shí)代能源政策理念
2. Guiding Philosophies for Energy Policies in the New Era
——堅(jiān)持以人民為中心。牢固樹立能源發(fā)展為了人民、依靠人民、服務(wù)人民的理念，把保障和改善民生用能、貧困人口用能作為能源發(fā)展的優(yōu)先目標(biāo)，加強(qiáng)能源民生基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和公共服務(wù)能力建設(shè)，提高能源普遍服務(wù)水平。把推動(dòng)能源發(fā)展和脫貧攻堅(jiān)有機(jī)結(jié)合，實(shí)施能源扶貧工程，發(fā)揮能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和能源供應(yīng)服務(wù)在扶貧中的基礎(chǔ)性作用。
– Putting people first. China upholds the principle of energy development for the people, by the people and answerable to the people. Its primary goal is to ensure energy supply for people’s life and to ensure that the poverty-stricken population have access to electricity. To this end, China has been improving energy infrastructure related to people’s life and public services, and has integrated energy development with poverty eradication. China has launched programs on poverty reduction through energy support, which exemplify the fundamental role of energy supply, infrastructure and services in the battle against poverty.
——堅(jiān)持清潔低碳導(dǎo)向。樹立人與自然和諧共生理念，把清潔低碳作為能源發(fā)展的主導(dǎo)方向，推動(dòng)能源綠色生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)，優(yōu)化能源生產(chǎn)布局和消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)，加快提高清潔能源和非化石能源消費(fèi)比重，大幅降低二氧化碳排放強(qiáng)度和污染物排放水平，加快能源綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型，建設(shè)美麗中國(guó)。
– Promoting a clean and low-carbon energy. China embraces the vision of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, directing its efforts towards clean and low-carbon energy. China promotes green energy production and consumption, and has improved the relevant structures accordingly. China is increasing the proportion of clean energy and non-fossil energy at the consumption stage, reducing carbon dioxide emissions and pollutant discharge by large margins, and working hard to accelerate its transformation towards green and low-carbon development for the Beautiful China initiative.
——堅(jiān)持創(chuàng)新核心地位。把提升能源科技水平作為能源轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的突破口，加快能源科技自主創(chuàng)新步伐，加強(qiáng)國(guó)家能源戰(zhàn)略科技力量，發(fā)揮企業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新主體作用，推進(jìn)產(chǎn)學(xué)研深度融合，推動(dòng)能源技術(shù)從引進(jìn)跟隨向自主創(chuàng)新轉(zhuǎn)變，形成能源科技創(chuàng)新上下游聯(lián)動(dòng)的一體化創(chuàng)新和全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈協(xié)同技術(shù)發(fā)展模式。
– Ensuring the core status of innovation. China is focusing on transforming the energy sector through technical advancement. China is actively promoting independent innovation in energy technologies, and increasing sci-tech input in the national energy development. With enterprises playing a key role in innovation, China has been promoting close collaboration along the energy industrial chain between enterprises, universities and research institutes, to reduce technology imports and boost independent innovation so as to develop a new model where innovations of both upper and lower streams well interact and coordinate with each other.
——堅(jiān)持以改革促發(fā)展。充分發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)在資源配置中的決定性作用，更好發(fā)揮政府作用，深入推進(jìn)能源行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性環(huán)節(jié)市場(chǎng)化改革，發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)機(jī)制作用，建設(shè)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)能源市場(chǎng)體系。加強(qiáng)能源發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和規(guī)劃的導(dǎo)向作用，健全能源法治體系和全行業(yè)監(jiān)管體系，進(jìn)一步完善支持能源綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型的財(cái)稅金融體制，釋放能源發(fā)展活力，為能源高質(zhì)量發(fā)展提供支撐。
– Pursuing development through reform. China will fully leverage the decisive role of the market in allocating energy resources, and ensure the government better play its part in this regard. It is endeavoring to advance market-oriented reform in the competitive areas of the energy sector, further display the role of the market mechanism, and build a high-quality energy market system. China has highlighted the guiding role of its energy strategy and planning, formed a law-based governance system and a regulatory system in the energy industry, and improved the financial and fiscal systems that support green and low-carbon energy transformation. All these measures aim to unlock potential and provide support for quality growth of the energy sector.
——堅(jiān)持推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。面對(duì)日趨嚴(yán)峻的全球氣候變化形勢(shì)，樹立人類命運(yùn)共同體意識(shí)，深化全球能源治理合作，加快推動(dòng)以清潔低碳為導(dǎo)向的新一輪能源變革，共同促進(jìn)全球能源可持續(xù)發(fā)展，共建清潔美麗世界。
– Building a global community of shared future. Confronted by the severe impact of climate change, China advocates a global community of shared future, greater international cooperation on energy governance, and a new round of energy reform directed towards clean and low-carbon development. China has joined other countries in seeking sustainable energy and building a clean and beautiful world.
二、能源發(fā)展取得歷史性成就
II. Historic Achievements in Energy Development
中國(guó)堅(jiān)定不移推進(jìn)能源革命，能源生產(chǎn)和利用方式發(fā)生重大變革，能源發(fā)展取得歷史性成就。能源生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)不斷優(yōu)化，能源利用效率顯著提高，生產(chǎn)生活用能條件明顯改善，能源安全保障能力持續(xù)增強(qiáng)，為服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展、打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)和全面建成小康社會(huì)提供了重要支撐。
China is committed to driving an energy revolution. As a result, major changes have taken place in the production and use of energy and historic achievements have been realized in energy development. Energy production and consumption are being optimized, energy efficiency has increased significantly, and energy use has become more convenient for both work and life. China’s capacity to ensure energy security has been strengthened. All this provides important support to quality economic development, victory in the battle against poverty, and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.
（一）能源供應(yīng)保障能力不斷增強(qiáng)
1. Growing Capacity to Ensure Energy Supply
基本形成了煤、油、氣、電、核、新能源和可再生能源多輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的能源生產(chǎn)體系。初步核算，2019年中國(guó)一次能源生產(chǎn)總量達(dá)39.7億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，為世界能源生產(chǎn)第一大國(guó)。煤炭仍是保障能源供應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)能源，2012年以來(lái)原煤年產(chǎn)量保持在34.1億－39.7億噸。努力保持原油生產(chǎn)穩(wěn)定，2012年以來(lái)原油年產(chǎn)量保持在1.9億－2.1億噸。天然氣產(chǎn)量明顯提升，從2012年的1106億立方米增長(zhǎng)到2019年的1762億立方米。電力供應(yīng)能力持續(xù)增強(qiáng)，累計(jì)發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量20.1億千瓦，2019年發(fā)電量7.5萬(wàn)億千瓦時(shí)，較2012年分別增長(zhǎng)75%、50%。可再生能源開發(fā)利用規(guī)模快速擴(kuò)大，水電、風(fēng)電、光伏發(fā)電累計(jì)裝機(jī)容量均居世界首位。截至2019年底，在運(yùn)在建核電裝機(jī)容量6593萬(wàn)千瓦，居世界第二，在建核電裝機(jī)容量世界第一。
A diversified energy production infrastructure consisting of coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, nuclear energy, new energy and renewable energy is in place. Preliminary calculations show that China’s primary energy production in 2019 reached 3.97 billion tons of standard coal, making it the world’s largest energy producer.
Coal remains the basic energy source. Since 2012, the annual production of raw coal has ranged between 3.41 and 3.97 billion tons. Crude oil production remains stable. Since 2012, the annual production of crude oil has ranged between 190 and 210 million tons. The production of natural gas has increased notably, from 110.6 billion cu m in 2012 to 176.2 billion cubic meters in 2019. China’s electricity supply capacity has risen to a cumulative installed capacity of 2.01 billion kW in 2019, up 75 percent since 2012, and an electricity output of 7.5 trillion kWh, up 50 percent. Renewable energy resources have expanded rapidly, with cumulative installed capacities of hydropower, wind power, and solar photovoltaic (PV) power each ranking top in the world. As of the end of 2019, the total installed capacity of nuclear power plants under construction and in operation reached 65.93 million kW, the second largest in the world. The installed capacity of nuclear power plants under construction ranked first.
能源輸送能力顯著提高。建成天然氣主干管道超過(guò)8.7萬(wàn)公里、石油主干管道5.5萬(wàn)公里、330千伏及以上輸電線路長(zhǎng)度30.2萬(wàn)公里。
Energy transport capacity has risen remarkably. China has built natural gas trunk lines measuring over 87,000 km, oil trunk lines totaling 55,000 km, and 302,000 km of electricity transmission lines of 330 kv or more.
能源儲(chǔ)備體系不斷健全。建成9個(gè)國(guó)家石油儲(chǔ)備基地，天然氣產(chǎn)供儲(chǔ)銷體系建設(shè)取得初步成效，煤炭生產(chǎn)運(yùn)輸協(xié)同保障體系逐步完善，電力安全穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)水平，能源綜合應(yīng)急保障能力顯著增強(qiáng)。
The energy reserve system has been steadily improved. China has built nine national oil reserve bases; it has achieved preliminary results in building a natural gas production, supply, reserve and sale system; the coordinated guarantee system for coal production and transport is sound; the country has become a global leader in operating a secure and stable power grid; and its capacity in comprehensive energy emergency response has been strengthened significantly.
（二）能源節(jié)約和消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化成效顯著
2. Remarkable Achievements in Optimizing Energy Conservation and Consumption
能源利用效率顯著提高。2012年以來(lái)單位國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗累計(jì)降低24.4%，相當(dāng)于減少能源消費(fèi)12.7億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤。2012年至2019年，以能源消費(fèi)年均2.8%的增長(zhǎng)支撐了國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)年均7%的增長(zhǎng)。
Significant improvement has been made in energy efficiency. Since 2012, energy consumption per unit of GDP has been reduced by 24.4 percent, equivalent to 1.27 billion tons of standard coal. From 2012 to 2019, China saw an average annual growth of 7 percent in the economy, while annual energy consumption rose by only 2.8 percent.
能源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)向清潔低碳加快轉(zhuǎn)變。初步核算，2019年煤炭消費(fèi)占能源消費(fèi)總量比重為57.7%，比2012年降低10.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；天然氣、水電、核電、風(fēng)電等清潔能源消費(fèi)量占能源消費(fèi)總量比重為23.4%，比2012年提高8.9個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；非化石能源占能源消費(fèi)總量比重達(dá)15.3%，比2012年提高5.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，已提前完成到2020年非化石能源消費(fèi)比重達(dá)到15%左右的目標(biāo)。新能源汽車快速發(fā)展，2019年新增量和保有量分別達(dá)120萬(wàn)輛和380萬(wàn)輛，均占全球總量一半以上；截至2019年底，全國(guó)電動(dòng)汽車充電基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施達(dá)120萬(wàn)處，建成世界最大規(guī)模充電網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有效促進(jìn)了交通領(lǐng)域能效提高和能源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化。
The shift towards clean and low-carbon energy consumption is accelerating. Preliminary calculations show that in 2019, coal consumption accounted for 57.7 percent of total energy consumption, a decrease of 10.8 percentage points from 2012; the consumption of clean energy (natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power) accounted for 23.4 percent of total energy consumption, an increase of 8.9 percentage points over 2012. Non-fossil energy accounted for 15.3 percent of total energy consumption, up 5.6 percentage points against 2012. With this China has reached the target of raising the share of non-fossil energy to 15 percent in total energy consumption by 2020. The number of new energy vehicles is rising rapidly. In 2019 the total number of new energy vehicles reached 3.8 million, with 1.2 million new energy vehicles going on road that year. Both of these figures represent more than half of the global totals. As of the end of 2019, there were 1.2 million electric-vehicle charging stations nationwide, constituting the largest charging network in the world, and effectively improving energy efficiency and optimizing energy consumption in the transport sector.
（三）能源科技水平快速提升
3. Rapid Improvements in Energy Technology
持續(xù)推進(jìn)能源科技創(chuàng)新，能源技術(shù)水平不斷提高，技術(shù)進(jìn)步成為推動(dòng)能源發(fā)展動(dòng)力變革的基本力量。建立完備的水電、核電、風(fēng)電、太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電等清潔能源裝備制造產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，成功研發(fā)制造全球最大單機(jī)容量100萬(wàn)千瓦水電機(jī)組，具備最大單機(jī)容量達(dá)10兆瓦的全系列風(fēng)電機(jī)組制造能力，不斷刷新光伏電池轉(zhuǎn)換效率世界紀(jì)錄。建成若干應(yīng)用先進(jìn)三代技術(shù)的核電站，新一代核電、小型堆等多項(xiàng)核能利用技術(shù)取得明顯突破。油氣勘探開發(fā)技術(shù)能力持續(xù)提高，低滲原油及稠油高效開發(fā)、新一代復(fù)合化學(xué)驅(qū)等技術(shù)世界領(lǐng)先，頁(yè)巖油氣勘探開發(fā)技術(shù)和裝備水平大幅提升，天然氣水合物試采取得成功。發(fā)展煤炭綠色高效智能開采技術(shù)，大型煤礦采煤機(jī)械化程度達(dá)98%，掌握煤制油氣產(chǎn)業(yè)化技術(shù)。建成規(guī)模最大、安全可靠、全球領(lǐng)先的電網(wǎng)，供電可靠性位居世界前列。“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”智慧能源、儲(chǔ)能、區(qū)塊鏈、綜合能源服務(wù)等一大批能源新技術(shù)、新模式、新業(yè)態(tài)正在蓬勃興起。
China continues to pursue technological innovation in the energy sector. Its energy technologies are continuously improving, and technological progress has become a basic driver for the transformation of the energy industry. There are complete industrial chains for the manufacturing of clean energy equipment for hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, and solar power. China has successfully developed and manufactured the world’s largest single-unit hydropower generators, with a capacity of 1 million kW; it is able to manufacture a full range of wind turbines with a maximum single-unit capacity of 10 mw; and it continues to establish new world bests in the conversion efficiency of solar PV cells. China has built a number of nuclear power plants using advanced third-generation technologies, and made significant breakthroughs in a number of nuclear energy technologies such as new-generation nuclear power generation and small modular reactors. Its technological capabilities in oil and gas exploration and development keep improving. It leads the world in technologies such as the high-efficiency development of low-permeability crude oil and heavy oil, and a new generation of compound chemical flooding. The technology and equipment for shale oil and gas exploration and development have greatly improved, and successful natural gas hydrate production tests have been completed. China is developing green, efficient and intelligent coal mining technology. It has achieved mechanization in 98 percent of its large coal mines, and mastered the technology for producing oil and gas from coal. It has built a safe, reliable, and world-leading power grid which is the largest across the globe, with reliability of supply at the forefront of the world. A large number of new energy technologies, new businesses, and new models such as “Internet +” smart energy, energy storage, block chain, and integrated energy services are booming.
（四）能源與生態(tài)環(huán)境友好性明顯改善
4. Significant Progress in Eco-Environmental Friendliness of the Energy Sector
中國(guó)把推進(jìn)能源綠色發(fā)展作為促進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的重要舉措，堅(jiān)決打好污染防治攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)、打贏藍(lán)天保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)。煤炭清潔開采和利用水平大幅提升，采煤沉陷區(qū)治理、綠色礦山建設(shè)取得顯著成效。落實(shí)修訂后的《大氣污染防治法》，加大燃煤和其他能源污染防治力度。推動(dòng)國(guó)家大氣污染防治重點(diǎn)區(qū)域內(nèi)新建、改建、擴(kuò)建用煤項(xiàng)目實(shí)施煤炭等量或減量替代。能源綠色發(fā)展顯著推動(dòng)空氣質(zhì)量改善，二氧化硫、氮氧化物和煙塵排放量大幅下降。能源綠色發(fā)展對(duì)碳排放強(qiáng)度下降起到重要作用，2019年碳排放強(qiáng)度比2005年下降48.1%，超過(guò)了2020年碳排放強(qiáng)度比2005年下降40%－45%的目標(biāo)，扭轉(zhuǎn)了二氧化碳排放快速增長(zhǎng)的局面。
China sees green energy as an important measure to enhance eco-environmental progress, and resolutely fights pollution, especially air pollution. Its capabilities in clean coal mining and utilization have greatly improved, and significant results have been achieved in regulating coal mining subsidence areas and building green mines. It has amended the Law on Air Pollution Prevention and Control to strengthen the prevention and control of pollution from coal and other energy sources, and ensure that more environmentally friendly energy sources are used to replace coal in equal or reduced amount in newly-built, renovated, or expanded coal-consuming projects in key areas for air pollution control. The green development of the energy sector has significantly improved air quality, and the emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and soot have dropped notably. Green development of the energy sector has played an important role in reducing carbon emissions. By 2019, carbon emission intensity in China had decreased by 48.1 percent compared with 2005, which exceeded the target of reducing carbon emission intensity by 40 to 45 percent between 2005 and 2020, reversing the trend of rapid carbon dioxide emission growth.
（五）能源治理機(jī)制持續(xù)完善
5. Continuous Improvement in the Energy Governance Mechanism
全面提升能源領(lǐng)域市場(chǎng)化水平，營(yíng)商環(huán)境不斷優(yōu)化，市場(chǎng)活力明顯增強(qiáng)，市場(chǎng)主體和人民群眾辦事創(chuàng)業(yè)更加便利。進(jìn)一步放寬能源領(lǐng)域外資市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入，民間投資持續(xù)壯大，投資主體更加多元。發(fā)用電計(jì)劃有序放開、交易機(jī)構(gòu)獨(dú)立規(guī)范運(yùn)行、電力市場(chǎng)建設(shè)深入推進(jìn)。加快推進(jìn)油氣勘查開采市場(chǎng)放開與礦業(yè)權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)、管網(wǎng)運(yùn)營(yíng)機(jī)制改革、原油進(jìn)口動(dòng)態(tài)管理等改革，完善油氣交易中心建設(shè)。推進(jìn)能源價(jià)格市場(chǎng)化，進(jìn)一步放開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性環(huán)節(jié)價(jià)格，初步建立電力、油氣網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)節(jié)科學(xué)定價(jià)制度。協(xié)同推進(jìn)能源改革和法治建設(shè)，能源法律體系不斷完善。覆蓋戰(zhàn)略、規(guī)劃、政策、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、監(jiān)管、服務(wù)的能源治理機(jī)制基本形成。
China is making every effort to ensure that the market plays a greater role in the energy sector. Now, in a better business environment and a more viable market, market entities and individuals enjoy more convenient services and find it easier to start businesses. Market access for foreign capital in the energy sector has been extended, private investment is growing, and investment entities have become more diverse. Policies on power generation and consumption plans have been relaxed in an orderly manner, trading institutions can operate independently and in accordance with regulations, and the power market has further developed. China has accelerated reforms such as the deregulation of the oil and gas exploration market and the circulation of mining rights, reform of the pipeline network operation mechanism, and the dynamic management of crude oil imports. It has improved the construction of oil and gas trading centers. China encourages the market to play a decisive role in determining energy prices. It has further relaxed control on the prices in competitive areas, and has preliminarily established a reasonable pricing mechanism for power transmission and distribution and oil and gas pipeline networks. It coordinates energy reform with law-based governance, and the legal framework regarding the energy sector has been improved. An energy governance mechanism covering strategies, plans, policies, standards, supervision, and services is in place.
（六）能源惠民利民成果豐碩
6. Solid Benefits for People’s Lives
把保障和改善民生作為能源發(fā)展的根本出發(fā)點(diǎn)，保障城鄉(xiāng)居民獲得基本能源供應(yīng)和服務(wù)，在全面建成小康社會(huì)和鄉(xiāng)村振興中發(fā)揮能源供應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)保障作用。2016年至2019年，農(nóng)網(wǎng)改造升級(jí)總投資達(dá)8300億元，農(nóng)村平均停電時(shí)間降低至15小時(shí)左右，農(nóng)村居民用電條件明顯改善。2013年至2015年，實(shí)施解決無(wú)電人口用電行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，2015年底完成全部人口都用上電的歷史性任務(wù)。實(shí)施光伏扶貧工程等能源扶貧工程建設(shè)，優(yōu)先在貧困地區(qū)進(jìn)行能源開發(fā)項(xiàng)目布局，實(shí)施能源惠民工程，促進(jìn)了貧困地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和貧困人口收入增加。完善天然氣利用基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，擴(kuò)大天然氣供應(yīng)區(qū)域，提高民生用氣保障能力。北方地區(qū)清潔取暖取得明顯進(jìn)展，改善了城鄉(xiāng)居民用能條件和居住環(huán)境。截至2019年底，北方地區(qū)清潔取暖面積達(dá)116億平方米，比2016年增加51億平方米。
Ensuring public wellbeing and improving people’s lives is China’s fundamental goal in energy development. China is ensuring that urban and rural residents have access to basic energy supply and services, as a fundamental element in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and supporting rural revitalization. From 2016 to 2019, the total investment in transforming and upgrading rural power grids reached RMB830 billion, and the average power outage time in rural areas was reduced to about 15 hours per year. The quality of power services for rural residents has improved significantly. From 2013 to 2015 China implemented an action plan to ensure access to electricity for every citizen, and completed this historic task by the end of 2015. It has implemented poverty alleviation projects based on solar PV power generation, and other energy-related poverty alleviation projects. China prioritizes poverty-stricken areas in planning energy development projects and has introduced energy projects for the benefit of the rural residents. This has promoted economic development in poverty-stricken areas and raised the incomes of the poor. It has improved the infrastructure for natural gas utilization, supplied natural gas to more areas, and improved its ability to ensure gas supply for people’s daily life. Significant progress has been made in clean heating in northern China, with improvements in the energy use and living environment of urban and rural residents. As of the end of 2019, clean heating in northern China covered a floor space of 11.6 billion sq m, an increase of 5.1 billion sq m over 2016.
三、全面推進(jìn)能源消費(fèi)方式變革
III. An All-Round Effort to Reform Energy Consumption
堅(jiān)持節(jié)約資源和保護(hù)環(huán)境的基本國(guó)策，堅(jiān)持節(jié)能優(yōu)先方針，樹立節(jié)能就是增加資源、減少污染、造福人類的理念，把節(jié)能貫穿于經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展全過(guò)程和各領(lǐng)域。
China perseveres with its fundamental national policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment. Prioritizing energy saving, it understands that energy conservation means increasing resources, reducing pollution, and benefiting humanity, and exercises energy saving throughout the whole process and in all areas of economic and social development.
（一）實(shí)行能耗雙控制度
1. Implementing a Dual Control System of Total Energy Consumption and Energy Intensity
實(shí)行能源消費(fèi)總量和強(qiáng)度雙控制度，按省、自治區(qū)、直轄市行政區(qū)域設(shè)定能源消費(fèi)總量和強(qiáng)度控制目標(biāo)，對(duì)各級(jí)地方政府進(jìn)行監(jiān)督考核。把節(jié)能指標(biāo)納入生態(tài)文明、綠色發(fā)展等績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系，引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展理念。對(duì)重點(diǎn)用能單位分解能耗雙控目標(biāo)，開展目標(biāo)責(zé)任評(píng)價(jià)考核，推動(dòng)重點(diǎn)用能單位加強(qiáng)節(jié)能管理。
A dual control system of total energy consumption and energy intensity is in place. China sets the targets of total energy consumption and energy intensity for different provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government and applies oversight and checks over the performance of local governments at all levels. It has introduced the energy-saving index into the performance evaluation system of eco-environmental progress and green development, to guide the transformation of the development philosophy. It breaks down the dual control targets of total energy consumption and energy intensity for key energy consumers, and evaluates their performance accordingly to strengthen energy-saving management.
（二）健全節(jié)能法律法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系
2. Improving Laws, Regulations and Standards for Energy Conservation
修訂實(shí)施《節(jié)約能源法》，建立完善工業(yè)、建筑、交通等重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和公共機(jī)構(gòu)節(jié)能制度，健全節(jié)能監(jiān)察、能源效率標(biāo)識(shí)、固定資產(chǎn)投資項(xiàng)目節(jié)能審查、重點(diǎn)用能單位節(jié)能管理等配套法律制度。強(qiáng)化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)引領(lǐng)約束作用，健全節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，實(shí)施百項(xiàng)能效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)推進(jìn)工程，發(fā)布實(shí)施340多項(xiàng)國(guó)家節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，其中近200項(xiàng)強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)主要高耗能行業(yè)和終端用能產(chǎn)品全覆蓋。加強(qiáng)節(jié)能執(zhí)法監(jiān)督，強(qiáng)化事中事后監(jiān)管，嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法問(wèn)責(zé)，確保節(jié)能法律法規(guī)和強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有效落實(shí)。
China has revised the Energy Conservation Law. It has put in place an energy-saving system in key areas including industry, construction and transport as well as in public institutions. It continues to improve the supporting legal institutions for energy conservation supervision, energy-efficiency labeling, energy-saving checks on fixed assets investment projects, and energy conservation management of key energy consumers. It has strengthened standard-setting as a constraining factor and improved energy-saving standards system. It has carried out 100 projects to upgrade energy efficiency standards, enacted more than 340 national energy-saving standards, including almost 200 mandatory standards, covering most high energy-consuming industries and final energy consumption products. China has strengthened oversight over energy-saving law enforcement, reinforced operational and post-operational supervision, and exercised strict accountability for law enforcement to ensure the effective implementation of energy conservation laws, regulations, and mandatory standards.
（三）完善節(jié)能低碳激勵(lì)政策
3. Improving Energy-Saving and Low-Carbon Incentives
實(shí)行促進(jìn)節(jié)能的企業(yè)所得稅、增值稅優(yōu)惠政策。鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)口先進(jìn)節(jié)能技術(shù)、設(shè)備，控制出口耗能高、污染重的產(chǎn)品。健全綠色金融體系，利用能效信貸、綠色債券等支持節(jié)能項(xiàng)目。創(chuàng)新完善促進(jìn)綠色發(fā)展的價(jià)格機(jī)制，實(shí)施差別電價(jià)、峰谷分時(shí)電價(jià)、階梯電價(jià)、階梯氣價(jià)等，完善環(huán)保電價(jià)政策，調(diào)動(dòng)市場(chǎng)主體和居民節(jié)能的積極性。在浙江等4省市開展用能權(quán)有償使用和交易試點(diǎn)，在北京等7省市開展碳排放權(quán)交易試點(diǎn)。大力推行合同能源管理，鼓勵(lì)節(jié)能技術(shù)和經(jīng)營(yíng)模式創(chuàng)新，發(fā)展綜合能源服務(wù)。加強(qiáng)電力需求側(cè)管理，推行電力需求側(cè)響應(yīng)的市場(chǎng)化機(jī)制，引導(dǎo)節(jié)約、有序、合理用電。建立能效“領(lǐng)跑者”制度，推動(dòng)終端用能產(chǎn)品、高耗能行業(yè)、公共機(jī)構(gòu)提升能效水平。
Corporate income tax and value-added tax incentives are awarded to energy-saving businesses. China encourages the imports of energy-saving technologies and equipment, and controls the exports of energy-intensive and heavy-polluting products. China is improving the green financial system, and makes use of energy efficiency credits and green bonds to support energy conservation projects. It is exploring new ground in pricing to advance green development. Differential pricing, time-of-use pricing, and tiered pricing for electricity and natural gas have been adopted. China is improving its policies of environment-friendly electricity pricing to arouse the enthusiasm of market entities and the public in energy conservation. It has conducted trials of paid use of and trading in energy-using right in four provinces and cities including Zhejiang, and carbon emissions trading in seven provinces and cities including Beijing. The government is promoting energy performance contracting (EPC) and developing integrated energy services, and encourages innovations in energy-saving technology and business models. It has strengthened the management of demand-side power use and implemented a market response mechanism to guide the economical, orderly and rational utilization of electricity. A “l(fā)eader board” of best energy-savers has been put in place to increase the efficiency of final energy consumption products, energy-intensive industries, and public institutions.
（四）提升重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域能效水平
4. Improving Energy Efficiency in Key Areas
積極優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，大力發(fā)展低能耗的先進(jìn)制造業(yè)、高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)、現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)，推動(dòng)傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)智能化、清潔化改造。推動(dòng)工業(yè)綠色循環(huán)低碳轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)，全面實(shí)施綠色制造，建立健全節(jié)能監(jiān)察執(zhí)法和節(jié)能診斷服務(wù)機(jī)制，開展能效對(duì)標(biāo)達(dá)標(biāo)。提升新建建筑節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，深化既有建筑節(jié)能改造，優(yōu)化建筑用能結(jié)構(gòu)。構(gòu)建節(jié)能高效的綜合交通運(yùn)輸體系，推進(jìn)交通運(yùn)輸用能清潔化，提高交通運(yùn)輸工具能效水平。全面建設(shè)節(jié)約型公共機(jī)構(gòu)，促進(jìn)公共機(jī)構(gòu)為全社會(huì)節(jié)能工作作出表率。構(gòu)建市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向的綠色技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體系，促進(jìn)綠色技術(shù)研發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)化與推廣。推廣國(guó)家重點(diǎn)節(jié)能低碳技術(shù)、工業(yè)節(jié)能技術(shù)裝備、交通運(yùn)輸行業(yè)重點(diǎn)節(jié)能低碳技術(shù)等。推動(dòng)全民節(jié)能，引導(dǎo)樹立勤儉節(jié)約的消費(fèi)觀，倡導(dǎo)簡(jiǎn)約適度、綠色低碳的生活方式，反對(duì)奢侈浪費(fèi)和不合理消費(fèi)。
China is doing all it can to optimize the industrial structure, develop advanced manufacturing, high-tech industry and modern services with low energy consumption, and promote the intelligent and clean transformation of traditional industries. China has sped up the transformation to green, recycling and low-carbon industry, and implemented green manufacturing on all fronts; put in place monitoring, law enforcement and diagnostic mechanisms for energy conservation, and carried out energy efficiency benchmarking; raised the energy-saving standards of new buildings, expanded the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, and improved the structure of energy consumption in construction. It is developing a highly efficient and comprehensive transport system with lower energy consumption, promoting the use of clean energy in transport, and enhancing energy efficiency of vehicles and other means of transport. It is building energy-saving public institutions, to set an example for the rest of society. A market-oriented system of green technology innovation will be put in place to encourage the R&D, transfer and popularization of green technology. China is promoting national key energy-saving and low-carbon technologies, particularly for the transport sector, and energy-saving industrial equipment. The government encourages extensive public involvement in energy conservation, and is raising public awareness of frugality, promoting simple, modest, green and low-carbon lifestyles, and opposing extravagance and excessive consumption.
（五）推動(dòng)終端用能清潔化
5. Promoting Clean Final Energy Consumption
以京津冀及周邊地區(qū)、長(zhǎng)三角、珠三角、汾渭平原等地區(qū)為重點(diǎn)，實(shí)施煤炭消費(fèi)減量替代和散煤綜合治理，推廣清潔高效燃煤鍋爐，推行天然氣、電力和可再生能源等替代低效和高污染煤炭的使用。制定財(cái)政、價(jià)格等支持政策，積極推進(jìn)北方地區(qū)冬季清潔取暖，促進(jìn)大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量改善。推進(jìn)終端用能領(lǐng)域以電代煤、以電代油，推廣新能源汽車、熱泵、電窯爐等新型用能方式。加強(qiáng)天然氣基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)與互聯(lián)互通，在城鎮(zhèn)燃?xì)狻⒐I(yè)燃料、燃?xì)獍l(fā)電、交通運(yùn)輸?shù)阮I(lǐng)域推進(jìn)天然氣高效利用。大力推進(jìn)天然氣熱電冷聯(lián)供的供能方式，推進(jìn)分布式可再生能源發(fā)展，推行終端用能領(lǐng)域多能協(xié)同和能源綜合梯級(jí)利用。
Focusing on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Fenwei Plain (the Fenhe Plain, the Weihe Plain and their surroundings in the Yellow River Basin), China is working to reduce and find substitutes for coal consumption, and taking comprehensive measures to control the use of bulk coal. It is promoting clean and efficient coal-fired furnaces, and replacing inefficient and highly-polluting coal with natural gas, electricity and renewable energy. Now, fiscal and price policies are in place to support clean heating in winter in northern China to improve air quality. China is replacing coal and oil with electricity in final energy consumption, and popularizing new energy vehicles, heat pumps, electric furnaces, and other new forms of energy consumption. It has strengthened the development and connectivity of natural gas infrastructure, and made the use of natural gas more efficient in urban areas, as well as in industrial fuel, power generation, and transport. It is promoting natural gas CCHP (combined cooling heating and power), decentralized renewable energy, and multi-energy coordination and energy cascade use in final energy consumption.
四、建設(shè)多元清潔的能源供應(yīng)體系
IV. Building a Clean and Diversified Energy Supply System
立足基本國(guó)情和發(fā)展階段，確立生態(tài)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展的導(dǎo)向，堅(jiān)持在保護(hù)中發(fā)展、在發(fā)展中保護(hù)，深化能源供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，優(yōu)先發(fā)展非化石能源，推進(jìn)化石能源清潔高效開發(fā)利用，健全能源儲(chǔ)運(yùn)調(diào)峰體系，促進(jìn)區(qū)域多能互補(bǔ)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。
Proceeding from its basic national conditions and current stage of development, China gives priority to eco-environmental conservation and pursues green development. It seeks growth while protecting the environment, and believes that a sound eco-environment better facilitates growth. It focuses on supply-side structural reform in the energy sector – giving priority to non-fossil energy, promoting the clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy, improving the energy storage, transportation and peak-shaving system, and developing coordinated, complementary, and diverse energy sources in different regions.
（一）優(yōu)先發(fā)展非化石能源
1. Prioritizing Non-Fossil Energy
開發(fā)利用非化石能源是推進(jìn)能源綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型的主要途徑。中國(guó)把非化石能源放在能源發(fā)展優(yōu)先位置，大力推進(jìn)低碳能源替代高碳能源、可再生能源替代化石能源。
The development and utilization of non-fossil energy is a major element of transitioning to a low-carbon and eco-friendly energy system. China gives priority to non-fossil energy, and strives to substitute low-carbon for high-carbon energy and renewable for fossil energy.
推動(dòng)太陽(yáng)能多元化利用。按照技術(shù)進(jìn)步、成本降低、擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)、完善體系的原則，全面推進(jìn)太陽(yáng)能多方式、多元化利用。統(tǒng)籌光伏發(fā)電的布局與市場(chǎng)消納，集中式與分布式并舉開展光伏發(fā)電建設(shè)，實(shí)施光伏發(fā)電“領(lǐng)跑者”計(jì)劃，采用市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式配置項(xiàng)目，加快推動(dòng)光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)進(jìn)步和成本降低，光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)已成為具有國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)。完善光伏發(fā)電分布式應(yīng)用的電網(wǎng)接入等服務(wù)機(jī)制，推動(dòng)光伏與農(nóng)業(yè)、養(yǎng)殖、治沙等綜合發(fā)展，形成多元化光伏發(fā)電發(fā)展模式。通過(guò)示范項(xiàng)目建設(shè)推進(jìn)太陽(yáng)能熱發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展，為相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的發(fā)展提供市場(chǎng)支撐。推動(dòng)太陽(yáng)能熱利用不斷拓展市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域和利用方式，在工業(yè)、商業(yè)、公共服務(wù)等領(lǐng)域推廣集中熱水工程，開展太陽(yáng)能供暖試點(diǎn)。
Facilitating the use of solar energy. In line with the principles of driving technological progress, reducing costs, expanding the market and improving the system, China is promoting the use of solar energy in an all-round way. It makes overall planning of geographical layout of solar PV generation bases and market accommodation, with emphasis on both centralized and decentralized power generation. It has implemented a “l(fā)eader board” incentive to encourage solar PV power generation, and allowed projects to be allocated through market competition, so as to accelerate progress in relevant technologies and reduce costs. As a result, China’s solar PV industry has become internationally competitive. The country is improving grid access and other services for decentralized solar PV power generation, and coordinating the development of solar PV power, agriculture, animal husbandry, and desertification control to form a diversified model of solar PV power generation. China is also industrializing solar thermal power generation through demonstration projects, and providing market support for related industrial chains. It has expanded the market for and utilization of solar thermal energy, and introduced centralized hot water projects in industry, commerce and public services to pilot solar heating.
全面協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)風(fēng)電開發(fā)。按照統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃、集散并舉、陸海齊進(jìn)、有效利用的原則，在做好風(fēng)電開發(fā)與電力送出和市場(chǎng)消納銜接的前提下，有序推進(jìn)風(fēng)電開發(fā)利用和大型風(fēng)電基地建設(shè)。積極開發(fā)中東部分散風(fēng)能資源。積極穩(wěn)妥發(fā)展海上風(fēng)電。優(yōu)先發(fā)展平價(jià)風(fēng)電項(xiàng)目，推行市場(chǎng)化競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式配置風(fēng)電項(xiàng)目。以風(fēng)電的規(guī)模化開發(fā)利用促進(jìn)風(fēng)電制造產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，風(fēng)電制造產(chǎn)業(yè)的創(chuàng)新能力和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不斷提升，產(chǎn)業(yè)服務(wù)體系逐步完善。
Developing wind power. On the basis of balancing wind power development with power transmission and accommodation, China is taking steps to exploit wind power and building large-scale wind power bases. Based on the principles of overall planning and coordination, and efficient utilization and development of centralized and decentralized wind power both onshore and offshore, it is taking active measures to develop decentralized wind energy in the middle and eastern parts of the country, and offshore wind farms. It gives priority to wind power projects that deliver electricity at affordable prices, and encourages project allocation through market-oriented competition. China also promotes wind power production through large-scale development and utilization of wind power, which helps to boost industry innovation and international competitiveness, and improve the industrial service system.
推進(jìn)水電綠色發(fā)展。堅(jiān)持生態(tài)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展，在做好生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)和移民安置的前提下，科學(xué)有序推進(jìn)水電開發(fā)，做到開發(fā)與保護(hù)并重、建設(shè)與管理并重。以西南地區(qū)主要河流為重點(diǎn)，有序推進(jìn)流域大型水電基地建設(shè)，合理控制中小水電開發(fā)。推進(jìn)小水電綠色發(fā)展，加大對(duì)實(shí)施河流生態(tài)修復(fù)的財(cái)政投入，促進(jìn)河流生態(tài)健康。完善水電開發(fā)移民利益共享政策，堅(jiān)持水電開發(fā)促進(jìn)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和移民脫貧致富，努力做到“開發(fā)一方資源、發(fā)展一方經(jīng)濟(jì)、改善一方環(huán)境、造福一方百姓”。
Developing green hydropower. China considers eco-environmental conservation to be a priority and pursues green development. While protecting the eco-environment and relocating the residents, China develops hydropower in a rational and orderly way, giving equal importance to development and conservation, and emphasizing on both the construction and consequent management of the facilities. Focusing on major rivers in the southwest, China is building large hydropower bases and controlling the construction of small and medium-sized hydropower stations in the basin areas. China seeks the green development of small hydropower stations, and has increased investment in river ecology restoration. It is also improving policies for relocated residents to share the benefits from hydropower projects, thus giving a boost to local economic and social development and helping the relocated population get out of poverty. As in any resource development program, the goals are always set for a better economy, better environment, and better benefits for the people.
安全有序發(fā)展核電。中國(guó)將核安全作為核電發(fā)展的生命線，堅(jiān)持發(fā)展與安全并重，實(shí)行安全有序發(fā)展核電的方針，加強(qiáng)核電規(guī)劃、選址、設(shè)計(jì)、建造、運(yùn)行和退役等全生命周期管理和監(jiān)督，堅(jiān)持采用最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)、最嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展核電。完善多層次核能、核安全法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急預(yù)案和法制、體制、機(jī)制建設(shè)，形成有效應(yīng)對(duì)核事故的國(guó)家核應(yīng)急能力體系。強(qiáng)化核安保與核材料管制，嚴(yán)格履行核安保與核不擴(kuò)散國(guó)際義務(wù)，始終保持著良好的核安保記錄。迄今為止在運(yùn)核電機(jī)組總體安全狀況良好，未發(fā)生國(guó)際核事件分級(jí)2級(jí)及以上的事件或事故。
Developing safe and structured nuclear power. Nuclear security is the lifeline in developing nuclear power. China attaches equal importance to safety and the orderly development of nuclear power. It has strengthened whole-life management and supervision of nuclear power planning, site selection, design, construction, operation, and decommissioning, and adopted the most advanced technologies and strictest standards for the nuclear power industry. China is improving the multilevel system of regulations and standards on nuclear energy and safety and strengthening relevant emergency plans, legal system, institutions and mechanisms, in its effort to establish a national emergency system that effectively responds to nuclear accidents. China has strengthened nuclear security and nuclear material control, rigorously fulfilling its international obligations towards nuclear security and non-proliferation, and keeping a good nuclear security record. So far, the nuclear power units in operation are generally safe, and there have been no incidents or accidents of level 2 or above on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale.
因地制宜發(fā)展生物質(zhì)能、地?zé)崮芎秃Ｑ竽堋２捎梅檄h(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的先進(jìn)技術(shù)發(fā)展城鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾焚燒發(fā)電，推動(dòng)生物質(zhì)發(fā)電向熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)。積極推進(jìn)生物天然氣產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展和農(nóng)村沼氣轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)。堅(jiān)持不與人爭(zhēng)糧、不與糧爭(zhēng)地的原則，嚴(yán)格控制燃料乙醇加工產(chǎn)能擴(kuò)張，重點(diǎn)提升生物柴油產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)，推進(jìn)非糧生物液體燃料技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展。創(chuàng)新地?zé)崮荛_發(fā)利用模式，開展地?zé)崮艹擎?zhèn)集中供暖，建設(shè)地?zé)崮芨咝ч_發(fā)利用示范區(qū)，有序開展地?zé)崮馨l(fā)電。積極推進(jìn)潮流能、波浪能等海洋能技術(shù)研發(fā)和示范應(yīng)用。
Developing biomass, geothermal and ocean energy in accordance with local conditions. China is adopting advanced technologies that meet environmental protection standards to generate power by means of urban solid waste incineration, and upgrading biomass power generation to cogeneration of heat and power. It is growing biogas into an industry and transforming methane use in rural areas. In industrializing liquid bio-fuel production by means of non-food biomass, it avoids using crops as raw materials and occupying arable land, strictly controls the expansion of fuel ethanol processing capacity, and focuses on improving the quality of biodiesel products. China is engaged in innovative geothermal power generation, providing urban central heating, and building demonstration zones for efficient production and utilization. It is also reinforcing R&D and pilot demonstrations on harnessing ocean power such as tidal and wave energy.
全面提升可再生能源利用率。完善可再生能源發(fā)電全額保障性收購(gòu)制度。實(shí)施清潔能源消納行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，多措并舉促進(jìn)清潔能源利用。提高電力規(guī)劃整體協(xié)調(diào)性，優(yōu)化電源結(jié)構(gòu)和布局，充分發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)功能，形成有利于可再生能源利用的體制機(jī)制，全面提升電力系統(tǒng)靈活性和調(diào)節(jié)能力。實(shí)行可再生能源電力消納保障機(jī)制，對(duì)各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市行政區(qū)域按年度確定電力消費(fèi)中可再生能源應(yīng)達(dá)到的最低比重指標(biāo)，要求電力銷售企業(yè)和電力用戶共同履行可再生能源電力消納責(zé)任。發(fā)揮電網(wǎng)優(yōu)化資源配置平臺(tái)作用，促進(jìn)源網(wǎng)荷儲(chǔ)互動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)，完善可再生能源電力消納考核和監(jiān)管機(jī)制。可再生能源電力利用率顯著提升，2019年全國(guó)平均風(fēng)電利用率達(dá)96%、光伏發(fā)電利用率達(dá)98%、主要流域水能利用率達(dá)96%。
Increasing the overall utilization rate of renewable energy. China guarantees full acquisition of all renewable energy generated. It has implemented a clean energy accommodation action plan and is adopting various measures to promote the use of clean energy. It is improving the overall planning of the power sector, optimizing the power supply structure and layout, and allowing the market to function as a regulator, to form institutional mechanisms conducive to the use of renewable energy and make the power system more flexible and better at coordinating energy use.
China has put in place a mechanism for accommodating power generated from renewable energy, which determines on an annual basis the minimum proportion of renewable energy to be consumed in each province and equivalent administrative unit, and requires suppliers and users to work together to achieve this goal. The country uses the power grid as a platform for optimizing resource allocation. It facilitates optimal interaction and coordination of power source-grid-load-storage, and improves the appraisal and supervision of different sectors in accommodating power generated from renewable energy. Renewable energy use rate has increased significantly: In 2019 the national average consumption rate of wind power was 96 percent, that of solar PV power was 98 percent, and that of water energy in major river basins reached 96 percent.
（二）清潔高效開發(fā)利用化石能源
2. Promoting Clean and Efficient Development and Utilization of Fossil Energy
根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)資源稟賦，以資源環(huán)境承載力為基礎(chǔ)，統(tǒng)籌化石能源開發(fā)利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)，有序發(fā)展先進(jìn)產(chǎn)能，加快淘汰落后產(chǎn)能，推進(jìn)煤炭清潔高效利用，提升油氣勘探開發(fā)力度，促進(jìn)增儲(chǔ)上產(chǎn)，提高油氣自給能力。
China coordinates the development and utilization of fossil energy and eco-environmental protection in accordance with its resource endowment and the bearing capacity of natural resources and the environment. It promotes advanced production capacity while phasing out outdated capacity. It also promotes the clean and efficient utilization of coal and the exploration and development of oil and gas, and works to increase reserves and production, so as to be more self-sufficient in oil and gas.
推進(jìn)煤炭安全智能綠色開發(fā)利用。努力建設(shè)集約、安全、高效、清潔的煤炭工業(yè)體系。推進(jìn)煤炭供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，完善煤炭產(chǎn)能置換政策，加快淘汰落后產(chǎn)能，有序釋放優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)能，煤炭開發(fā)布局和產(chǎn)能結(jié)構(gòu)大幅優(yōu)化，大型現(xiàn)代化煤礦成為煤炭生產(chǎn)主體。2016年至2019年，累計(jì)退出煤炭落后產(chǎn)能9億噸/年以上。加大安全生產(chǎn)投入，健全安全生產(chǎn)長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制，加快煤礦機(jī)械化、自動(dòng)化、信息化、智能化建設(shè)，全面提升煤礦安全生產(chǎn)效率和安全保障水平。推進(jìn)大型煤炭基地綠色化開采和改造，發(fā)展煤炭洗選加工，發(fā)展礦區(qū)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)，加強(qiáng)礦區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境治理，建成一批綠色礦山，資源綜合利用水平全面提升。實(shí)施煤炭清潔高效利用行動(dòng)，煤炭消費(fèi)中發(fā)電用途占比進(jìn)一步提升。煤制油氣、低階煤分質(zhì)利用等煤炭深加工產(chǎn)業(yè)化示范取得積極進(jìn)展。
Facilitating the safe, smart and green utilization of coal. China strives to build an intensive, safe, efficient and clean coal industry. It is furthering supply-side structural reform in the industry, improving the coal production capacity replacement policy, speeding up the decommissioning of outdated production facilities, and releasing high-quality capacity in an orderly manner. As a result, the configuration and production capacity of the coal mining sector have seen notable improvement, and large modern coalmines have become the mainstay. From 2016 to 2019, China cut more than 900 million tons of outdated coal production capacity per year on average. It has also increased input in production safety, and improved the mechanism to ensure workplace safety in the long run. Coalmines are becoming highly automated and intelligent by employing more machines and applying information technology, which also make them safer and more efficient. China promotes green mining at large coal bases and facilitates their green transformation by applying coal washing and processing technology, building a circular economy in mining areas and protecting the eco-environment. A number of green mines have been built with improved utilization of various resources in an all-round way. China has taken action to promote the clean and efficient utilization of coal, and increased the quota of coal consumption on power generation. Progress has also been made in coal-to-liquid (CTL) and coal-to-gas (CTG), the precision utilization of low-rank coals, and other industrialized demonstration projects of intensive coal processing.
清潔高效發(fā)展火電。堅(jiān)持清潔高效原則發(fā)展火電。推進(jìn)煤電布局優(yōu)化和技術(shù)升級(jí)，積極穩(wěn)妥化解煤電過(guò)剩產(chǎn)能。建立并完善煤電規(guī)劃建設(shè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警機(jī)制，嚴(yán)控煤電規(guī)劃建設(shè)，加快淘汰落后產(chǎn)能。截至2019年底，累計(jì)淘汰煤電落后產(chǎn)能超過(guò)1億千瓦，煤電裝機(jī)占總發(fā)電裝機(jī)比重從2012年的65.7%下降至2019年的52%。實(shí)施煤電節(jié)能減排升級(jí)與改造行動(dòng)，執(zhí)行更嚴(yán)格能效環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。煤電機(jī)組發(fā)電效率、污染物排放控制達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)水平。合理布局適度發(fā)展天然氣發(fā)電，鼓勵(lì)在電力負(fù)荷中心建設(shè)天然氣調(diào)峰電站，提升電力系統(tǒng)安全保障水平。
Promoting the clean and efficient development of thermal power. China has been optimizing coal-fired power and upgrading technology to steadily reduce excess capacity. It has improved the early warning mechanism for risk control in coal-fired power planning and construction, and moved faster to phase out outdated capacity. By the end of 2019, China had phased out more than 100 million kW of outdated coal power capacity, and the ratio of coal-fired power in total power generation had dropped from 65.7 percent in 2012 to 52 percent in 2019. China has taken action to upgrade coal-fired power plants to reduce emissions, and adopted stricter standards for energy efficiency and environmental protection. The efficiency and pollutants control levels of coal-fired power units are on par with world advanced levels. China has also begun to develop natural gas power where appropriate. It encourages adding peak-shaving natural gas power stations to power load centers to improve power security.
提高天然氣生產(chǎn)能力。加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)地質(zhì)調(diào)查和資源評(píng)價(jià)，加強(qiáng)科技創(chuàng)新、產(chǎn)業(yè)扶持，促進(jìn)常規(guī)天然氣增產(chǎn)，重點(diǎn)突破頁(yè)巖氣、煤層氣等非常規(guī)天然氣勘探開發(fā)，推動(dòng)頁(yè)巖氣規(guī)模化開發(fā)，增加國(guó)內(nèi)天然氣供應(yīng)。完善非常規(guī)天然氣產(chǎn)業(yè)政策體系，促進(jìn)頁(yè)巖氣、煤層氣開發(fā)利用。以四川盆地、鄂爾多斯盆地、塔里木盆地為重點(diǎn)，建成多個(gè)百億立方米級(jí)天然氣生產(chǎn)基地。2017年以來(lái)，每年新增天然氣產(chǎn)量超過(guò)100億立方米。
Increasing the production of natural gas. In order to increase domestic natural gas supply, China has strengthened basic geological surveying and resource evaluation, and stepped up scientific and technological innovation and industrial support for conventional natural gas production. It is also making breakthroughs in unconventional natural gas exploration and development, such as shale gas and coal-bed gas, and is working on large-scale shale gas exploitation. It is improving relevant policies for the exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas. Focusing on the Sichuan, Ordos and Tarim basins, it has built a number of natural gas production bases with an output of more than 10 billion cu m. Since 2017, natural gas output has been increasing by more than 10 billion cu m per year.
提升石油勘探開發(fā)與加工水平。加強(qiáng)國(guó)內(nèi)勘探開發(fā)，深化體制機(jī)制改革、促進(jìn)科技研發(fā)和新技術(shù)應(yīng)用，加大低品位資源勘探開發(fā)力度，推進(jìn)原油增儲(chǔ)上產(chǎn)。發(fā)展先進(jìn)采油技術(shù)，提高原油采收率，穩(wěn)定松遼盆地、渤海灣盆地等東部老油田產(chǎn)量。以新疆地區(qū)、鄂爾多斯盆地等為重點(diǎn)，推進(jìn)西部新油田增儲(chǔ)上產(chǎn)。加強(qiáng)渤海、東海和南海等海域近海油氣勘探開發(fā)，推進(jìn)深海對(duì)外合作，2019年海上油田產(chǎn)量約4000萬(wàn)噸。推進(jìn)煉油行業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)。實(shí)施成品油質(zhì)量升級(jí)，提升燃油品質(zhì)，促進(jìn)減少機(jī)動(dòng)車尾氣污染物排放。
Raising the level of oil exploration, development and processing. China has strengthened domestic oil exploration and development, furthering related institutional reforms and promoting scientific and technological R&D and the application of new technologies. It has intensified the exploration and development of low-grade resources, and increased crude oil reserves and production. It has developed advanced oil recovery technologies, increased the recovery ratio of crude oil, and ensured steady output at old oilfields in the east, including the Songliao and Bohai Bay basins. Focusing on the Xinjiang region and the Ordos Basin, it has increased the reserves and production of new oilfields in the west of the country. It has also strengthened offshore oil and gas exploration and development in the Bohai Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea, and are advancing deep-sea cooperation with other countries. The output of offshore oilfields was about 40 million tons in 2019. China is also transforming and upgrading its oil refining industry to produce better refined oil products and improved fuel quality, which will reduce exhaust gas pollution of vehicles.
（三）加強(qiáng)能源儲(chǔ)運(yùn)調(diào)峰體系建設(shè)
3. Improving the Energy Storage, Transportation and Peak-Shaving System
統(tǒng)籌發(fā)展煤電油氣多種能源輸運(yùn)方式，構(gòu)建互聯(lián)互通輸配網(wǎng)絡(luò)，打造穩(wěn)定可靠的儲(chǔ)運(yùn)調(diào)峰體系，提升應(yīng)急保障能力。
China coordinates the transportation of various energy resources such as coal, electricity, oil, and gas. It has built interconnected transmission and distribution networks and established a stable and reliable energy storage, transportation and peak-shaving system, to enhance its emergency response.
加強(qiáng)能源輸配網(wǎng)絡(luò)建設(shè)。持續(xù)加強(qiáng)跨省跨區(qū)骨干能源輸送通道建設(shè)，提升能源主要產(chǎn)地與主要消費(fèi)區(qū)域間通達(dá)能力，促進(jìn)區(qū)域優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)、協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。提升既有鐵路煤炭運(yùn)輸專線的輸送能力，持續(xù)提升鐵路運(yùn)輸比例和煤炭運(yùn)輸效率。推進(jìn)天然氣主干管道與省級(jí)管網(wǎng)、液化天然氣接收站、儲(chǔ)氣庫(kù)間互聯(lián)互通，加快建設(shè)“全國(guó)一張網(wǎng)”，初步形成調(diào)度靈活、安全可靠的天然氣輸運(yùn)體系。穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)跨省跨區(qū)輸電通道建設(shè)，擴(kuò)大西北、華北、東北和西南等區(qū)域清潔能源配置范圍。完善區(qū)域電網(wǎng)主網(wǎng)架，加強(qiáng)省級(jí)區(qū)域內(nèi)部電網(wǎng)建設(shè)。開展柔性直流輸電示范工程建設(shè)，積極建設(shè)能源互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建規(guī)模合理、分層分區(qū)、安全可靠的電力系統(tǒng)。
Strengthening energy transmission and distribution networks. China has been building cross-provincial and cross-regional key energy transmission channels, to connect major energy producing and consumption regions, and promote the complementary and coordinated development between regions. It has improved the capacity of existing railway lines for transporting coal, and seen that more coal is transported by rail with higher efficiency. It has enhanced the connectivity between main natural gas pipelines and provincial pipelines, liquefied natural gas receiving terminals, and gas storages, and is building a unified national network. A natural gas transportation system that is flexible, safe and reliable has taken shape. China has steadily built trans-provincial and trans-regional power transmission channels, and expanded the scope of clean energy allocation in the northwest, north, northeast and southwest. It has improved the main framework of the regional power grid and strengthened internal grid building at the provincial level. It has also carried out flexible HVDC pilot projects, and is working on the Internet of Energy (IoE) and a multilevel power system that is safe, reliable, and of a reasonable size.
健全能源儲(chǔ)備應(yīng)急體系。建立國(guó)家儲(chǔ)備與企業(yè)儲(chǔ)備相結(jié)合、戰(zhàn)略儲(chǔ)備與商業(yè)儲(chǔ)備并舉的能源儲(chǔ)備體系，提高石油、天然氣和煤炭等儲(chǔ)備能力。完善國(guó)家石油儲(chǔ)備體系，加快石油儲(chǔ)備基地建設(shè)。建立健全地方政府、供氣企業(yè)、管輸企業(yè)、城鎮(zhèn)燃?xì)馄髽I(yè)各負(fù)其責(zé)的多層次天然氣儲(chǔ)氣調(diào)峰體系。完善以企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任儲(chǔ)備為主體、地方政府儲(chǔ)備為補(bǔ)充的煤炭?jī)?chǔ)備體系。健全國(guó)家大面積停電事件應(yīng)急機(jī)制，全面提升電力供應(yīng)可靠性和應(yīng)急保障能力。建立健全與能源儲(chǔ)備能力相匹配的輸配保障體系，構(gòu)建規(guī)范化的收儲(chǔ)、輪換、動(dòng)用體系，完善決策執(zhí)行的監(jiān)管機(jī)制。
Improving energy reserves for emergency response. China has integrated state, corporate, strategic and commercial reserves to achieve higher reserves for oil, natural gas and coal. It has improved the national oil reserve system and accelerated the construction of oil reserve bases. It has set up a multilevel natural gas storage and peak-shaving system, with local governments, gas suppliers, pipeline transportation enterprises and urban gas services fulfilling their respective responsibilities. It has also put in place a coal reserve system with enterprises playing the main part out of their social responsibility and local governments playing a supporting role. China has improved the national emergency mechanism for large-scale power outages, made power supply more reliable, and enhanced its emergency response. It has established a guarantee system for energy transmission and distribution that matches its energy reserve capacity, a standardized system for oil procurement, storage, replacement and use, and a supervisory mechanism for implementation.
完善能源調(diào)峰體系。堅(jiān)持供給側(cè)與需求側(cè)并重，完善市場(chǎng)機(jī)制，加強(qiáng)技術(shù)支撐，增強(qiáng)調(diào)峰能力，提升能源系統(tǒng)綜合利用效率。加快抽水蓄能電站建設(shè)，合理布局天然氣調(diào)峰電站，實(shí)施既有燃煤熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)機(jī)組、燃煤發(fā)電機(jī)組靈活性改造，改善電力系統(tǒng)調(diào)峰性能，促進(jìn)清潔能源消納。推動(dòng)儲(chǔ)能與新能源發(fā)電、電力系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)優(yōu)化運(yùn)行，開展電化學(xué)儲(chǔ)能等調(diào)峰試點(diǎn)。推進(jìn)天然氣儲(chǔ)氣調(diào)峰設(shè)施建設(shè)，完善天然氣儲(chǔ)氣調(diào)峰輔助服務(wù)市場(chǎng)化機(jī)制，提升天然氣調(diào)峰能力。完善電價(jià)、氣價(jià)政策，引導(dǎo)電力、天然氣用戶自主參與調(diào)峰、錯(cuò)峰，提升需求側(cè)響應(yīng)能力。健全電力和天然氣負(fù)荷可中斷、可調(diào)節(jié)管理體系，挖掘需求側(cè)潛力。
Enhancing the energy peak-shaving system. China attaches equal importance to the supply side and the demand side. It strives to increase the peak-shaving capacity with sound market mechanism and strong technological support, so as to use the energy system in an efficient and all-round way. It has accelerated the construction of pumped-storage power stations, built natural gas peak-shaving power stations as appropriate, and implemented power flexibility transformation projects in existing coal-fired CHP cogeneration units and coal-fired power generating units, so as to improve the peak-shaving performance of the power system, and promote clean energy accommodation. It is optimizing energy storage, power generation from new energy sources and the operation of the power system, and carrying out electrochemical energy storage and other peak-shaving pilot projects. It has promoted the construction of facilities for natural gas storage and peak shaving, improved the market-oriented mechanism of auxiliary services, and enhanced the peak-shaving capacity of natural gas. China has also improved its policies on electricity and gas prices to guide power and natural gas users to participate in peak shaving and peak shifting, so as to enhance the response on the demand side. It has improved the system for interrupting or adjusting electricity and natural gas load to tap the demand-side potential.
（四）支持農(nóng)村及貧困地區(qū)能源發(fā)展
4. Supporting Energy Development in Rural and Poor Areas
落實(shí)鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略，提高農(nóng)村生活用能保障水平，讓農(nóng)村居民有更多實(shí)實(shí)在在的獲得感、幸福感、安全感。
China has implemented the strategy of rural revitalization to improve energy security in rural areas, so that the residents can have a better sense of gain, happiness and security.
加快完善農(nóng)村能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。讓所有人都能用上電，是全面建成小康社會(huì)的基本條件。實(shí)施全面解決無(wú)電人口問(wèn)題三年行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，2015年底全面解決了無(wú)電人口用電問(wèn)題。中國(guó)高度重視農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)改造升級(jí)，著力補(bǔ)齊農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)發(fā)展短板。實(shí)施小城鎮(zhèn)中心村農(nóng)網(wǎng)改造升級(jí)、平原農(nóng)村地區(qū)機(jī)井通電和貧困村通動(dòng)力電專項(xiàng)工程。2018年起，重點(diǎn)推進(jìn)深度貧困地區(qū)和抵邊村寨農(nóng)網(wǎng)改造升級(jí)攻堅(jiān)。加快天然氣支線管網(wǎng)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，擴(kuò)大管網(wǎng)覆蓋范圍。在天然氣管網(wǎng)未覆蓋的地區(qū)推進(jìn)液化天然氣、壓縮天然氣、液化石油氣供應(yīng)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)建設(shè)，因地制宜開發(fā)利用可再生能源，改善農(nóng)村供能條件。
Improving rural energy infrastructure. Making electricity accessible to all is a basic condition for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. China implemented a three-year action plan to ensure power access for people without electricity, and had achieved this goal by the end of 2015. China attaches great importance to the renovation and upgrading of the rural power grid and makes great efforts to strengthen the weak links in the process. It has carried out targeted programs for renovating and upgrading power grid in small towns and central villages, connecting motor-pumped wells in rural plain areas to the grid, and supplying poor villages with electricity for industrial and commercial use. Since 2018, it has been focusing on upgrading the power grid in severely impoverished areas and border villages. China has built natural gas branch pipelines and infrastructure to expand the coverage of the pipeline network. To improve energy infrastructure in rural areas, it has built supply outlets for liquefied natural gas, compressed natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas in areas not covered by natural gas pipelines, and developed renewable energy sources adapted to local conditions.
精準(zhǔn)實(shí)施能源扶貧工程。能源不僅是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力，也是扶貧的重要支撐。中國(guó)合理開發(fā)利用貧困地區(qū)能源資源，積極推進(jìn)貧困地區(qū)重大能源項(xiàng)目建設(shè)，提升貧困地區(qū)自身“造血”能力，為貧困地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展增添新動(dòng)能。在革命老區(qū)、民族地區(qū)、邊疆地區(qū)、貧困地區(qū)優(yōu)先布局能源開發(fā)項(xiàng)目，建設(shè)清潔電力外送基地，為所在地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)作出重要貢獻(xiàn)。在水電開發(fā)建設(shè)中，形成了水庫(kù)移民“搬得出、穩(wěn)得住、能致富”的可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式，讓貧困人口更多分享資源開發(fā)收益。加強(qiáng)財(cái)政投入和政策扶持，支持貧困地區(qū)發(fā)展生物質(zhì)能、風(fēng)能、太陽(yáng)能、小水電等清潔能源。推行多種形式的光伏與農(nóng)業(yè)融合發(fā)展模式，實(shí)施光伏扶貧工程，建成了成千上萬(wàn)座遍布貧困農(nóng)村地區(qū)的“陽(yáng)光銀行”。
Carrying out targeted poverty alleviation through energy projects. Energy is a driving force for economic development, and also an important impetus for poverty alleviation. China makes sound plans for the exploitation of energy resources in poor areas, introducing major energy projects in these areas to improve their capability to sustain themselves, thus adding new momentum to the local economy. It has given priority to energy development projects in old revolutionary bases, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas, and built power transmission bases for sending surplus clean electricity to other parts of China, contributing significantly to local economic growth. In developing hydropower, China has followed a sustainable development path by ensuring smooth relocation and resettlement of residents, and by making sure those involved have the means to better themselves, so that the poor share more of the benefits of resource development. China has also increased financial input and policy support for clean energy such as biomass, wind power, solar power, and small hydropower stations in poverty-stricken areas. It has adopted various models integrating solar PV power and agriculture to reduce poverty, and built thousands of “sunshine banks” in poor rural areas.
推進(jìn)北方農(nóng)村地區(qū)冬季清潔取暖。北方地區(qū)冬季清潔取暖關(guān)系廣大人民群眾生活，是重大民生工程、民心工程。以保障北方地區(qū)廣大群眾溫暖過(guò)冬、減少大氣污染為立足點(diǎn)，在北方農(nóng)村地區(qū)因地制宜開展清潔取暖。按照企業(yè)為主、政府推動(dòng)、居民可承受的方針，穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)“煤改氣”“煤改電”，支持利用清潔生物質(zhì)燃料、地?zé)崮堋⑻?yáng)能供暖以及熱泵技術(shù)應(yīng)用。截至2019年底，北方農(nóng)村地區(qū)清潔取暖率約31%，比2016年提高21.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；北方農(nóng)村地區(qū)累計(jì)完成散煤替代約2300萬(wàn)戶，其中京津冀及周邊地區(qū)、汾渭平原累計(jì)完成散煤清潔化替代約1800萬(wàn)戶。
Using clean energy for heating in rural areas in north China. Winter heating is of great importance in northern China. To ensure that the residents stay warm in winter while reducing air pollution, China has launched clean heating programs in rural areas in accordance with local conditions. In this new scheme enterprises assume the main responsibility and governments provide support to ensure affordable heating for the people. China has been steadily replacing coal with electricity and natural gas for centralized heating, and supported the application of clean biomass fuel, geothermal energy and solar energy in heating, as well as the use of heat pumps. At the end of 2019, the rate of clean-energy heating in the rural areas of north China was about 31 percent, up 21.6 percentage points from 2016. By 2019, about 23 million households in rural areas in northern China had replaced bulk coal with clean energy, including 18 million households in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, its surrounding areas and the Fenhe-Weihe River Plain.
五、發(fā)揮科技創(chuàng)新第一動(dòng)力作用
V. Leveraging the Role of Innovation as the Primary Driver of Development
抓住全球新一輪科技革命與產(chǎn)業(yè)變革的機(jī)遇，在能源領(lǐng)域大力實(shí)施創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，增強(qiáng)能源科技創(chuàng)新能力，通過(guò)技術(shù)進(jìn)步解決能源資源約束、生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)、應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化等重大問(wèn)題和挑戰(zhàn)。
China has seized the opportunities presented by the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. In the energy sector, it has implemented a strategy of innovation-driven development to increase its capacity for scientific and technological innovation and address major issues and challenges, such as energy resource constraints, environmental protection, and climate change, through advances in technology.
（一）完善能源科技創(chuàng)新政策頂層設(shè)計(jì)
1. Improving Top Level Design for Energy Policies Relating to Scientific and Technological Innovation
中國(guó)將能源作為國(guó)家創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分，把能源科技創(chuàng)新擺在更加突出的地位。《國(guó)家創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略綱要》將安全清潔高效現(xiàn)代能源技術(shù)作為重要戰(zhàn)略方向和重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。制定能源資源科技創(chuàng)新規(guī)劃和面向2035年的能源、資源科技發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃，部署了能源科技創(chuàng)新重大舉措和重大任務(wù)，努力提升科技創(chuàng)新引領(lǐng)和支撐作用。制定能源技術(shù)創(chuàng)新規(guī)劃和《能源技術(shù)革命創(chuàng)新行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2016－2030年）》，提出能源技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的重點(diǎn)方向和技術(shù)路線圖。深化能源科技體制改革，形成政府引導(dǎo)、市場(chǎng)主導(dǎo)、企業(yè)為主體、社會(huì)參與、多方協(xié)同的能源技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體系。加大重要能源領(lǐng)域和新興能源產(chǎn)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新投入，加強(qiáng)人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，提升各類主體創(chuàng)新能力。
China has made energy a vital part of its innovation-driven development strategy, and given more prominence to innovation in energy science and technology. Modern energy technology that is safe, clean and of high efficiency is a key strategic sector and a national priority in the country’s “Outline of Innovation-driven Development Strategy”. Accordingly, China has drawn blueprints for sci-tech innovation in energy and resources, made strategic plans for scientific and technological development of the resources and energy industry till 2035, and proposed major measures and tasks for innovation in energy science and technology. These are all aimed to enhance the role of scientific and technological innovation in driving and underpinning the energy sector.
By making plans for technological innovation in energy and creating the “Innovation Action Plan of Energy Technological Revolution (2016-2030)”, China has charted the roadmap and identified its priorities. Through deeper reform, China is establishing an energy science and technology system in which technological innovation is directed by the government and led by the market, and engages the whole of society, with enterprises playing a major role and all stakeholders coordinating with each other. At the same time China has increased investment in scientific and technological innovation in key energy fields and emerging energy industries, stepped up efforts to cultivate professionals in these areas, and endeavored to help all entities involved to improve their capacity for innovation.
（二）建設(shè)多元化多層次能源科技創(chuàng)新平臺(tái)
2. Creating Diversified Platforms for Technological Innovation in Energy at Various Levels
依托骨干企業(yè)、科研院所和高校，建成一批高水平能源技術(shù)創(chuàng)新平臺(tái)，有效激發(fā)了各類主體的創(chuàng)新活力。布局建設(shè)40多個(gè)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室和一批國(guó)家工程研究中心，重點(diǎn)圍繞煤炭安全綠色智能開采、可再生能源高效利用、儲(chǔ)能與分布式能源等技術(shù)方向開展相關(guān)研究，促進(jìn)能源科技進(jìn)步。布局建設(shè)80余個(gè)國(guó)家能源研發(fā)中心和國(guó)家能源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，圍繞煤炭、石油、天然氣、火電、核電、可再生能源、能源裝備重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)開展研究，覆蓋當(dāng)前能源技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和前沿方向。大型能源企業(yè)適應(yīng)自身發(fā)展和行業(yè)需要，不斷加強(qiáng)科技能力建設(shè)，形成若干專業(yè)領(lǐng)域、有影響力的研究機(jī)構(gòu)。地方政府結(jié)合本地產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì)，采取多種方式加強(qiáng)科研能力建設(shè)。在“大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬(wàn)眾創(chuàng)新”政策支持下，各類社會(huì)主體積極開展科技創(chuàng)新，形成了眾多能源科技創(chuàng)新型企業(yè)。
On the strength of leading enterprises, research institutions and universities, China has created a number of high-standard platforms for technological innovation, and inspired enthusiasm for innovation among all parties involved. Amid efforts to promote scientific and technological advances in energy, China has established more than 40 key national laboratories and a group of national engineering research centers that focus on research into technologies for safe, green and intelligent coal mining, highly efficient use of renewable energy, energy storage, and decentralized energy systems. It has also built more than 80 national energy R&D centers and key national energy laboratories for research in the key areas of coal, oil, natural gas, coal-fired power, nuclear power, renewable energy and energy equipment, all of which cover the vital and frontier areas of energy innovation. Adapting to their own needs and the needs of the industry, large energy enterprises have made continuous efforts to build up their scientific and technological capacity, and have established some influential research institutions in their respective fields. In keeping with the industrial strengths of their regions, local governments have adopted various measures to expand their scientific and technological capacity. Encouraged by the policy of “public entrepreneurship and public innovation”, all entities in Chinese society are actively engaged in scientific and technological innovation, and a large number of new energy technology businesses have been established.
（三）開展能源重大領(lǐng)域協(xié)同科技創(chuàng)新
3. Promoting Coordinated Scientific and Technological Innovation in Key Realms of the Energy Sector
實(shí)施重大科技項(xiàng)目和工程，實(shí)現(xiàn)能源領(lǐng)域關(guān)鍵技術(shù)跨越式發(fā)展。聚焦國(guó)家重大戰(zhàn)略產(chǎn)業(yè)化目標(biāo)，實(shí)施油氣科技重大專項(xiàng)，重點(diǎn)突破油氣地質(zhì)新理論與高效勘探開發(fā)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，開展頁(yè)巖油、頁(yè)巖氣、天然氣水合物等非常規(guī)資源經(jīng)濟(jì)高效開發(fā)技術(shù)攻關(guān)。實(shí)施核電科技重大專項(xiàng)，圍繞三代壓水堆和四代高溫氣冷堆技術(shù)，開展關(guān)鍵核心技術(shù)攻關(guān)，持續(xù)推進(jìn)核電自主創(chuàng)新。面向重大共性關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，部署開展新能源汽車、智能電網(wǎng)技術(shù)與裝備、煤礦智能化開采技術(shù)與裝備、煤炭清潔高效利用與新型節(jié)能技術(shù)、可再生能源與氫能技術(shù)等方面研究。面向國(guó)家重大戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)，重點(diǎn)部署能源高效潔凈利用與轉(zhuǎn)化的物理化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究，推動(dòng)以基礎(chǔ)研究帶動(dòng)應(yīng)用技術(shù)突破。
China has implemented major scientific and technological initiatives and projects to achieve leapfrog development in key energy technologies. Focusing on its strategic industrial goals, China has rolled out a project on oil and gas technology whose emphasis is making breakthroughs in petroleum geology theory and key technologies for high-efficiency exploration and exploitation, as well as finding technology solutions to low-cost, high-efficiency exploitation of unconventional sources of energy, including shale oil, shale gas and gas hydrates. China has launched a project in nuclear power technology to advance research on core technologies of a third-generation pressurized water reactor and a fourth-generation high-temperature gas cooled reactor. The goal is to boost the country’s independent innovation in nuclear power technology. In the field of key generic technologies, China has planned for and carried out research into new energy vehicles, smart grid, smart coal mining, clean and efficient use of coal and new energy-saving technology, renewable energy and hydrogen energy, among others. To achieve its major strategic goals, China has given priority to research in basic physics and chemistry concerning clean and efficient use and conversion of energy, in the hope that advances in basic research will lead to breakthroughs in applied technologies.
（四）依托重大能源工程提升能源技術(shù)裝備水平
4. Launching Major Energy Projects to Upgrade Energy Technologies and Equipment
在全球能源綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展趨勢(shì)下，加快傳統(tǒng)能源技術(shù)裝備升級(jí)換代，加強(qiáng)新興能源技術(shù)裝備自主創(chuàng)新，清潔低碳能源技術(shù)水平顯著提升。依托重大裝備制造和重大示范工程，推動(dòng)關(guān)鍵能源裝備技術(shù)攻關(guān)、試驗(yàn)示范和推廣應(yīng)用。完善能源裝備計(jì)量、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、檢測(cè)和認(rèn)證體系，提高重大能源裝備研發(fā)、設(shè)計(jì)、制造和成套能力。圍繞能源安全供應(yīng)、清潔能源發(fā)展和化石能源清潔高效利用三大方向，著力突破能源裝備制造關(guān)鍵技術(shù)、材料和零部件等瓶頸，推動(dòng)全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。開展先進(jìn)能源技術(shù)裝備的重大能源示范工程建設(shè)，提升煤炭清潔智能采掘洗選、深水和非常規(guī)油氣勘探開發(fā)、油氣儲(chǔ)運(yùn)和輸送、清潔高效燃煤發(fā)電、先進(jìn)核電、可再生能源發(fā)電、燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)、儲(chǔ)能、先進(jìn)電網(wǎng)、煤炭深加工等領(lǐng)域裝備的技術(shù)水平。
In a global trend of transition to green and low-carbon development in the energy sector, China has accelerated the upgrading of conventional energy technologies and equipment, and is replacing them with new ones at a faster pace. It has redoubled efforts to make independent innovations in emerging energy technologies, and achieved a marked improvement in clean, low-carbon energy technologies. By launching major equipment manufacturing projects and major demonstration projects, China has made breakthroughs in the trials, demonstration, application and popularization of key energy technologies. It has improved the measurement, standard setting, testing, and certification systems of energy equipment, and built up its capacity to research, develop, design and manufacture complete sets of important energy equipment.
To achieve secure energy supply, develop clean energy, and encourage the clean, efficient use of fossil fuels, China concentrates on making breakthroughs in key technologies in energy equipment manufacturing, solving bottleneck issues involving materials and accessories, and promoting technological innovation along the whole industrial chain. China has launched major demonstration projects for advanced energy technologies and equipment in such fields as clean and intelligent coal mining, washing and selection, the exploration and exploitation of deep-water and unconventional oil and gas resources, oil and gas storage and transport, clean and efficient coal-fired power generation, advanced nuclear power technologies, power generation from renewable sources, gas turbine, energy storage, advanced power grid, and deep processing of coal.
（五）支持新技術(shù)新模式新業(yè)態(tài)發(fā)展
5. Supporting the Development of New Technologies and New Business Forms and Models
當(dāng)前，世界正處在新科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)革命交匯點(diǎn)，新技術(shù)突破加速帶動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)變革，促進(jìn)能源新模式新業(yè)態(tài)不斷涌現(xiàn)。大力推動(dòng)能源技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代信息、材料和先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)深度融合，依托“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”智慧能源建設(shè)，探索能源生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)新模式。加快智能光伏創(chuàng)新升級(jí)，推動(dòng)光伏發(fā)電與農(nóng)業(yè)、漁業(yè)、牧業(yè)、建筑等融合發(fā)展，拓展光伏發(fā)電互補(bǔ)應(yīng)用新空間，形成廣泛開發(fā)利用新能源的新模式。加速發(fā)展綠氫制取、儲(chǔ)運(yùn)和應(yīng)用等氫能產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈技術(shù)裝備，促進(jìn)氫能燃料電池技術(shù)鏈、氫燃料電池汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈發(fā)展。支持能源各環(huán)節(jié)各場(chǎng)景儲(chǔ)能應(yīng)用，著力推進(jìn)儲(chǔ)能與可再生能源互補(bǔ)發(fā)展。支持新能源微電網(wǎng)建設(shè)，形成發(fā)儲(chǔ)用一體化局域清潔供能系統(tǒng)。推動(dòng)綜合能源服務(wù)新模式，實(shí)現(xiàn)終端能源多能互補(bǔ)、協(xié)同高效。在試點(diǎn)示范項(xiàng)目引領(lǐng)和帶動(dòng)下，各類能源新技術(shù)、新模式、新業(yè)態(tài)持續(xù)涌現(xiàn)，形成能源創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的“聚變效應(yīng)”。
The world now stands at the confluence of a new round of technological revolution and an industrial revolution. New technological breakthroughs have accelerated industrial transformation, giving rise to waves of new business forms and models in the energy sector. China has made strenuous efforts to integrate energy technologies with modern and advanced information, material and manufacturing technologies, and has rolled out the “Internet +” intelligent energy program to explore new models of energy production and consumption. It has stepped up efforts to innovate and upgrade intelligent solar PV power generation, integrate the development of solar PV power generation with agriculture, fishery, animal husbandry and construction, and open new space for the complimentary application of solar PV power generation, creating new models in the utilization of new energy.
China has picked up its pace in developing industrial chains in the production, storage, transport and application of green hydrogen, hydrogen-fuel cells, and hydrogen-powered vehicles. It supports the application of energy storage technologies at multiple points in energy production and utilization, and the complementary development of energy storage and renewable energy. By supporting the construction of micro-grids for new energy, China has established regional systems of clean energy supply that integrate power generation, storage and utilization. It promotes new comprehensive energy services and strives for complementary, coordinated and efficient end use of various forms of energy. With pilot and demonstration projects leading the way, a series of new energy technologies and new business forms and models have emerged, triggering a fusion of innovative development in China’s energy sector.
六、全面深化能源體制改革
VI. Deeper Reform of the Energy System in All Areas
充分發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)在能源資源配置中的決定性作用，更好發(fā)揮政府作用，深化重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)市場(chǎng)化改革，破除妨礙發(fā)展的體制機(jī)制障礙，著力解決市場(chǎng)體系不完善等問(wèn)題，為維護(hù)國(guó)家能源安全、推進(jìn)能源高質(zhì)量發(fā)展提供制度保障。
China will fully leverage the decisive role of the market in allocating energy resources, and ensure the government better play its part in this regard. It will extend market-oriented reform in key areas and on vital issues to remove institutional barriers, solve the problem of an incomplete market system, provide strong institutional guarantees for China’s energy security and boost the high-quality development of the energy sector.
（一）構(gòu)建有效競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的能源市場(chǎng)
1. Creating an Energy Market with Effective Competition
大力培育多元市場(chǎng)主體，打破壟斷、放寬準(zhǔn)入、鼓勵(lì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，構(gòu)建統(tǒng)一開放、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有序的能源市場(chǎng)體系，著力清除市場(chǎng)壁壘，提高能源資源配置效率和公平性。
China is working hard to cultivate a variety of market entities, break up monopolies, ease market access, and encourage competition. It is building an energy market system that is unified, open, competitive and yet orderly, removing market barriers, and making the allocation of energy resources more efficient and fairer.
培育多元能源市場(chǎng)主體。支持各類市場(chǎng)主體依法平等進(jìn)入負(fù)面清單以外的能源領(lǐng)域，形成多元市場(chǎng)主體共同參與的格局。深化油氣勘查開采體制改革，開放油氣勘查開采市場(chǎng)，實(shí)行勘查區(qū)塊競(jìng)爭(zhēng)出讓和更加嚴(yán)格的區(qū)塊退出機(jī)制。支持符合條件的企業(yè)進(jìn)口原油。改革油氣管網(wǎng)運(yùn)營(yíng)機(jī)制，實(shí)現(xiàn)管輸和銷售業(yè)務(wù)分離。穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)售電側(cè)改革，有序向社會(huì)資本開放配售電業(yè)務(wù)，深化電網(wǎng)企業(yè)主輔分離。積極培育配售電、儲(chǔ)能、綜合能源服務(wù)等新興市場(chǎng)主體。深化國(guó)有能源企業(yè)改革，支持非公有制發(fā)展，積極穩(wěn)妥開展能源領(lǐng)域混合所有制改革，激發(fā)企業(yè)活力動(dòng)力。
Diversifying market entities. China supports a variety of market entities to operate in segments of the energy sector that are not on the entry negative list, in accordance with the law and on equal footing. China has extended systemic reform of oil and gas exploration and exploitation and opened up the market in this regard. It has implemented competitive trading of oil and gas exploration blocks, and adopted a more rigorous exit mechanism for oil- and gas-bearing zones. China encourages qualified enterprises to import crude oil. It has reformed the oil and gas pipeline operation system to separate transport from sales. In an effort to reform electricity distribution, China is opening up electricity distribution and sales to non-government investment in an orderly manner, and is separating power grid enterprises’ secondary business from their core business. New market entities are being cultivated in the fields of electricity distribution and sales, energy storage, and comprehensive energy services. Meanwhile, China is extending reform of energy SOEs, supporting development of the non-public sector, and conducting active yet prudent mixed-ownership reform in the energy industry to boost the vitality and motivation of energy enterprises.
建設(shè)統(tǒng)一開放、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有序的能源市場(chǎng)體系。根據(jù)不同能源品種特點(diǎn)，搭建煤炭、電力、石油和天然氣交易平臺(tái)，促進(jìn)供需互動(dòng)。推動(dòng)建設(shè)現(xiàn)代化煤炭市場(chǎng)體系，發(fā)展動(dòng)力煤、煉焦煤、原油期貨交易和天然氣現(xiàn)貨交易。全面放開經(jīng)營(yíng)性電力用戶發(fā)用電計(jì)劃，建設(shè)中長(zhǎng)期交易、現(xiàn)貨交易等電能量交易和輔助服務(wù)交易相結(jié)合的電力市場(chǎng)。積極推進(jìn)全國(guó)統(tǒng)一電力市場(chǎng)和全國(guó)碳排放權(quán)交易市場(chǎng)建設(shè)。
Building an energy market system that is unified, open, and competitive yet orderly. China has established trading platforms for coal, electricity, petroleum and natural gas to facilitate interaction between demand and supply. A modern coal market system is under construction. Futures trading of thermal coal, coking coal and crude oil and spot trading of natural gas are under way. Restrictions have been lifted on the generation and consumption of electricity by commercial consumers. An electricity market is under way to incorporate medium- and long-term trading, spot trading and other forms of trading of electricity. China is also working to build a unified electricity market across the country and a national carbon emissions trading market.
（二）完善主要由市場(chǎng)決定能源價(jià)格的機(jī)制
2. Improving the Market-Based Mechanism for Deciding Energy Prices
按照“管住中間、放開兩頭”總體思路，穩(wěn)步放開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性領(lǐng)域和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性環(huán)節(jié)價(jià)格，促進(jìn)價(jià)格反映市場(chǎng)供求、引導(dǎo)資源配置；嚴(yán)格政府定價(jià)成本監(jiān)審，推進(jìn)科學(xué)合理定價(jià)。
Following the principle of “allowing for more competition in electricity generation, sales and consumption while tightening government regulation of power grid, transmission and distribution”, China has lifted price control over competitive areas and links. The goal is to allow prices to reflect market demand, and thereby guide the allocation of resources. It has also conducted strict government oversight of the determination of pricing to cover reasonable costs.
有序放開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性環(huán)節(jié)價(jià)格。推動(dòng)分步實(shí)現(xiàn)公益性以外的發(fā)售電價(jià)格由市場(chǎng)形成，電力用戶或售電主體可與發(fā)電企業(yè)通過(guò)市場(chǎng)化方式確定交易價(jià)格。進(jìn)一步深化燃煤發(fā)電上網(wǎng)電價(jià)機(jī)制改革，實(shí)行“基準(zhǔn)價(jià)+上下浮動(dòng)”的市場(chǎng)化價(jià)格機(jī)制。穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性招標(biāo)方式確定新建風(fēng)電、光伏發(fā)電項(xiàng)目上網(wǎng)電價(jià)。推動(dòng)按照“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)、利益共享”原則協(xié)商或通過(guò)市場(chǎng)化方式形成跨省跨區(qū)送電價(jià)格。完善成品油價(jià)格形成機(jī)制，推進(jìn)天然氣價(jià)格市場(chǎng)化改革。堅(jiān)持保基本、促節(jié)約原則，全面推行居民階梯電價(jià)、階梯氣價(jià)制度。
Lifting price control over competitive links in an orderly manner. China is steadily fostering a market-based pricing mechanism of commercial electricity generation and distribution, and allowing prices to be decided by electricity users, sellers and producers through market-based modalities. China has extended reform of the price-setting mechanism for on-grid electricity from coal-fired power plants, and introduced a market-based pricing mechanism in which electricity prices may fluctuate above or below the benchmark. Steady progress has been made in determining the price of on-grid electricity from new wind and solar PV power plants through competitive bidding. Relevant parties are encouraged to negotiate on the basis of sharing risks and benefits, and set through market-based modalities the price for trans-provincial or trans-regional transmission of electricity. The pricing mechanism for oil products is being improved. Reform is ongoing in having the market determine gas prices. China has enforced progressive pricing for household consumption of electricity and gas across the nation, ensuring basic living needs are met while encouraging conservation.
科學(xué)核定自然壟斷環(huán)節(jié)價(jià)格。按照“準(zhǔn)許成本+合理收益”原則，合理制定電網(wǎng)、天然氣管網(wǎng)輸配價(jià)格。開展兩個(gè)監(jiān)管周期輸配電定價(jià)成本監(jiān)審和電價(jià)核定。強(qiáng)化輸配氣價(jià)格監(jiān)管，開展成本監(jiān)審，構(gòu)建天然氣輸配領(lǐng)域全環(huán)節(jié)價(jià)格監(jiān)管體系。
Appropriately deciding prices for natural monopoly operations. Allowing recovery of costs plus reasonable profits, China has set appropriate transmission and distribution prices for power grids and gas pipelines. It has analyzed costs and verified prices for electricity transmission and distribution over two regulatory periods. China has also stepped up the price regulation of gas transmission and distribution and analyzed gas costs in order to establish a price regulation system that covers the whole process of gas transmission and distribution.
（三）創(chuàng)新能源科學(xué)管理和優(yōu)化服務(wù)
3. Innovative Management of the Energy Sector and Improved Government Services
進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能，簡(jiǎn)政放權(quán)、放管結(jié)合、優(yōu)化服務(wù)，著力打造服務(wù)型政府。發(fā)揮能源戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和宏觀政策導(dǎo)向作用，集中力量辦大事。強(qiáng)化能源市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管，提升監(jiān)管效能，促進(jìn)各類市場(chǎng)主體公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。堅(jiān)持人民至上、生命至上理念，牢牢守住能源安全生產(chǎn)底線。
Working to become a service-oriented government, the Chinese government has further transformed its functions, streamlined administration, delegated powers, improved regulation and upgraded services. It employs strategic plans and macro-policies on energy, and mobilizes resources for major undertakings. Better oversight and regulation of the energy market will deliver better results and promote fair competition among all market entities. Putting people and lives above everything else, China has remained firm in its commitment to safe production in the energy industry.
激發(fā)市場(chǎng)主體活力。深化能源“放管服”改革，減少中央政府層面能源項(xiàng)目核準(zhǔn)，將部分能源項(xiàng)目審批核準(zhǔn)權(quán)限下放地方，取消可由市場(chǎng)主體自主決策的能源項(xiàng)目審批。減少前置審批事項(xiàng)，降低市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入門檻，加強(qiáng)和規(guī)范事中事后監(jiān)管。提升“獲得電力”服務(wù)水平，壓減辦電時(shí)間、環(huán)節(jié)和成本。推行“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+政務(wù)”服務(wù)，推進(jìn)能源政務(wù)服務(wù)事項(xiàng)“一窗受理”“應(yīng)進(jìn)必進(jìn)”，提升“一站式”服務(wù)水平。
Igniting the vitality of market entities. China has extended reform in the energy sector to delegate powers, improve regulation, and upgrade services. This includes reducing approval by the central government for energy projects and delegating the approval power to local authorities for some projects. The requirement for government review and approval has been rescinded for energy projects about which market entities can decide at their own discretion. The number of items of preliminary review has been slashed and the threshold for market access has been lowered, while supervision during and after production has been enhanced and standardized. “Access to electricity” services have been improved. As a result, the time, procedures and cost needed for businesses to connect to the power grid have all been cut down. In addition, China has promoted the “internet plus government services” model, and expanded the practice of providing all energy-related government services at one simple window in localities where all relevant authorities have outlets, thereby improving one-stop services.
引導(dǎo)資源配置方向。制定實(shí)施《能源生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)革命戰(zhàn)略（2016－2030）》以及能源發(fā)展規(guī)劃和系列專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃、行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，明確能源發(fā)展的總體目標(biāo)和重點(diǎn)任務(wù)，引導(dǎo)社會(huì)主體的投資方向。完善能源領(lǐng)域財(cái)政、稅收、產(chǎn)業(yè)和投融資政策，全面實(shí)施原油、天然氣、煤炭資源稅從價(jià)計(jì)征，提高成品油消費(fèi)稅，引導(dǎo)市場(chǎng)主體合理開發(fā)利用能源資源。構(gòu)建綠色金融正向激勵(lì)體系，推廣新能源汽車，發(fā)展清潔能源。支持大宗能源商品貿(mào)易人民幣計(jì)價(jià)結(jié)算。
Guiding the allocation of resources. In addition to other plans, including special plans and action plans, China has drawn up and implemented the “Strategy for Energy Production and Consumption Revolution (2016-2030)” for developing the energy sector. These define the overall goals and key tasks, and guide investment in the sector. In order to encourage market entities to appropriately explore and utilize energy resources, China has refined its fiscal, taxation, industrial, financing, and investment policies, implemented a nationwide ad valorem tax on crude oil, natural gas and coal, and raised excise tax on oil products. It is building a green finance incentive system to promote new energy vehicles and develop clean energy. China also encourages Renminbi settlement for trading in bulk energy commodities.
促進(jìn)市場(chǎng)公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。理順能源監(jiān)管職責(zé)關(guān)系，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)電力監(jiān)管向綜合能源監(jiān)管轉(zhuǎn)型。嚴(yán)格電力交易、調(diào)度、供電服務(wù)和市場(chǎng)秩序監(jiān)管，強(qiáng)化電網(wǎng)公平接入、電網(wǎng)投資行為、成本及投資運(yùn)行效率監(jiān)管。加強(qiáng)油氣管網(wǎng)設(shè)施公平開放監(jiān)管，推進(jìn)油氣管網(wǎng)設(shè)施企業(yè)信息公開，提高油氣管網(wǎng)設(shè)施利用率。全面推行“雙隨機(jī)、一公開”監(jiān)管，提高監(jiān)管公平公正性。加強(qiáng)能源行業(yè)信用體系建設(shè)，依法依規(guī)建立嚴(yán)重失信主體名單制度，實(shí)施失信懲戒，提升信用監(jiān)管效能。包容審慎監(jiān)管新興業(yè)態(tài)，促進(jìn)新動(dòng)能發(fā)展壯大。暢通能源監(jiān)管熱線，發(fā)揮社會(huì)監(jiān)督作用。
Promoting fair competition. China has overhauled the government’s regulatory power and responsibilities, and gradually transformed regulation of the electricity sector to comprehensive regulation of the entire energy sector. It has tightened regulation of electricity transaction, distribution and supply, the market order, equitable connection to the power grid, and grid investment, cost and efficiency. China has also reinforced oversight of the opening of oil and gas pipeline facilities to all eligible users, increased information transparency of pipeline operators, and increased the utilization rate of these facilities. Random inspection by randomly selected staff and prompt release of inspection results have been expanded to the whole energy sector. Efforts have been intensified to establish a credit system in the energy industry, created in accordance with law lists of entities that have committed serious acts of bad faith, and to take joint punitive action against such acts, hence increasing the effectiveness of credit regulation. China exercises prudential regulation of new business forms to develop new drivers of growth. It also keeps energy hotlines open to ensure oversight by the public.
筑牢安全生產(chǎn)底線。健全煤礦安全生產(chǎn)責(zé)任體系，提高煤礦安全監(jiān)管監(jiān)察執(zhí)法效能，建設(shè)煤礦安全生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理體系，增強(qiáng)防災(zāi)治災(zāi)能力，煤礦安全生產(chǎn)形勢(shì)總體好轉(zhuǎn)。落實(shí)電力安全企業(yè)主體責(zé)任、行業(yè)監(jiān)管責(zé)任和屬地管理責(zé)任，提升電力系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全監(jiān)督管理，加強(qiáng)電力建設(shè)工程施工安全監(jiān)管和質(zhì)量監(jiān)督，電力系統(tǒng)安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)總體可控，未發(fā)生大面積停電事故。加強(qiáng)油氣全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈安全監(jiān)管，油氣安全生產(chǎn)形勢(shì)保持穩(wěn)定。持續(xù)強(qiáng)化核安全監(jiān)管體系建設(shè)，提高核安全監(jiān)管能力，核電廠和研究堆總體安全狀況良好，在建工程建造質(zhì)量整體受控。
Ensuring production safety. China has improved the accountability system for coal mine safety, raised the efficiency of coal mine supervision, regulation and law enforcement, created a standardized management system for coal mine safety, and built up its capacity for disaster prevention and control. As a result, coal mine safety has much improved. Enterprises share the main responsibility for power safety, industry regulators share the regulatory responsibility, and local authorities have the overall responsibility for safety in their respective jurisdictions. Oversight and management have been improved to ensure cybersecurity of the electricity system, as well as the safety and quality of electricity construction projects. Safety risks in the supply of electricity are manageable in general, and there has been no instance of extensive blackout. Meanwhile, through stronger safety regulation of the entire oil and gas industrial chain, China has maintained safety in oil and gas production. Thanks to sustained efforts to improve its system and capacity for nuclear safety regulation, China’s nuclear power plants and research reactors are generally safe and secure, and the quality of nuclear projects under construction is well controlled as a whole.
（四）健全能源法治體系
4. Improving the Rule of Law in the Energy Sector
發(fā)揮法治固根本、穩(wěn)預(yù)期、利長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的保障作用，堅(jiān)持能源立法同改革發(fā)展相銜接，及時(shí)修改和廢止不適應(yīng)改革發(fā)展要求的法律法規(guī)；堅(jiān)持法定職責(zé)必須為、法無(wú)授權(quán)不可為，依法全面履行政府職能。
Implementation of the rule of law is essential in the energy sector. It stabilizes expectations and creates long-term benefits. China aligns law making with reform and development in the energy industry, and has amended or abolished laws and regulations incompatible with the needs of reform and development in the sector. China adheres to the principle that administrative bodies must fulfill their statutory obligations and must not take any action that is not mandated by law, and sees that the government fully performs its functions in accordance with the law.
完善能源法律體系。推進(jìn)能源領(lǐng)域法律及行政法規(guī)制修訂工作，加強(qiáng)能源領(lǐng)域法律法規(guī)實(shí)施監(jiān)督檢查，加快電力、煤炭、石油、天然氣、核電、新能源等領(lǐng)域規(guī)章規(guī)范性文件的“立改廢”進(jìn)程，將改革成果體現(xiàn)在法律法規(guī)和重大政策中。
Improving the system of energy laws. More laws and administrative regulations concerning the energy sector have been formulated or amended. Supervision and inspection of the enforcement of energy laws and regulations has been intensified. The work to enact, amend or repeal regulations and normative documents in the fields of electricity, coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power and new energy has been accelerated, in order to incorporate reform results into China’s laws, regulations and major policies.
推進(jìn)能源依法治理。推進(jìn)法治政府建設(shè)，推動(dòng)將法治貫穿于能源戰(zhàn)略、規(guī)劃、政策、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定、實(shí)施和監(jiān)督管理全過(guò)程。構(gòu)建政企聯(lián)動(dòng)、互為支撐的能源普法新格局，形成尊法、學(xué)法、守法、用法良好氛圍。創(chuàng)新行政執(zhí)法方式，全面推行行政執(zhí)法公示制度、行政執(zhí)法全過(guò)程記錄制度、重大執(zhí)法決定法制審核制度，全面落實(shí)行政執(zhí)法責(zé)任制。暢通行政復(fù)議和行政訴訟渠道，確保案件依法依規(guī)辦理，依法保護(hù)行政相對(duì)人合法權(quán)益，讓人民在每一個(gè)案件中切實(shí)感受到公平正義。
Improving law-based governance of the energy sector. China is working to ensure law-based governance and see that the rule of law materializes in the entire process of making, enforcing, overseeing and managing energy strategies, plans, policies and standards. To raise awareness of the law, it is developing a new paradigm that features interaction and mutual support between the government and enterprises, which will help create an enabling environment across the nation for respecting, studying and observing the law. China has adopted new practices in administrative law enforcement by introducing a nationwide system for disclosing information on administrative law enforcement, a system for recording the entire enforcement process, a system for reviewing the legality of major enforcement decisions, and an accountability system. China will ensure that the channels for applying administrative reconsideration and filing administrative lawsuits remain open, that cases are handled in accordance with laws and regulations, that the legitimate rights and interests of administrative counterparts are protected in accordance with the law, and that people can see in every case that justice has been served.
七、全方位加強(qiáng)能源國(guó)際合作
VII. Strengthening International Energy Cooperation Across the Board
中國(guó)踐行綠色發(fā)展理念，遵循互利共贏原則開展國(guó)際合作，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)開放條件下能源安全，擴(kuò)大能源領(lǐng)域?qū)ν忾_放，推動(dòng)高質(zhì)量共建“一帶一路”，積極參與全球能源治理，引導(dǎo)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化國(guó)際合作，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。
China bases international cooperation on the principle of mutual benefit and win-win results while embracing the concept of green development. It is endeavoring to ensure energy security in an open environment, open its energy sector wider to the world, promote high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, actively engage in global energy governance, guide global cooperation in climate change, and build a global community of shared future.
（一）持續(xù)深化能源領(lǐng)域?qū)ν忾_放
1. Opening the Energy Sector Further to the World
中國(guó)堅(jiān)定不移維護(hù)全球能源市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)定，擴(kuò)大能源領(lǐng)域?qū)ν忾_放。大幅度放寬外商投資準(zhǔn)入，打造市場(chǎng)化法治化國(guó)際化營(yíng)商環(huán)境，促進(jìn)貿(mào)易和投資自由化便利化。全面實(shí)行準(zhǔn)入前國(guó)民待遇加負(fù)面清單管理制度，能源領(lǐng)域外商投資準(zhǔn)入限制持續(xù)減少。全面取消煤炭、油氣、電力（除核電外）、新能源等領(lǐng)域外資準(zhǔn)入限制。推動(dòng)廣東、湖北、重慶、海南等自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)能源產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，支持浙江自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)油氣全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈開放發(fā)展。埃克森美孚、通用電氣、碧辟、法國(guó)電力、西門子等國(guó)際能源公司在中國(guó)投資規(guī)模穩(wěn)步增加，上海特斯拉電動(dòng)汽車等重大外資項(xiàng)目相繼在中國(guó)落地，外資加油站數(shù)量快速增長(zhǎng)。
China is committed to a stable global energy market and is opening its energy sector wider to the world. It has greatly eased market access for foreign investment, and has built a market-based international business environment that respects the rule of law to facilitate free trade and investment. It has adopted pre-establishment national treatment plus a negative list, reducing restrictions on access to the energy sector for foreign investment. It has lifted the restrictions for foreign investment to enter the sectors of coal, oil, gas, electric power (excluding nuclear power), and new energy. It is promoting the energy industry in pilot free trade zones such as Guangdong, Hubei, Chongqing and Hainan, and supports further opening up of the entire oil and gas industry in the China (Zhejiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone. International energy companies such as ExxonMobil, GE, BP, EDF and SIEMENS are steadily expanding investment in China. Major foreign investment projects such as Tesla’s Shanghai plant are well under way. Foreign-funded gas stations are spreading.
（二）著力推進(jìn)共建“一帶一路”能源合作
2. Promoting Energy Cooperation Among BRI Countries
中國(guó)秉持共商共建共享原則，堅(jiān)持開放、綠色、廉潔理念，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、惠民生、可持續(xù)的目標(biāo)，同各國(guó)在共建“一帶一路”框架下加強(qiáng)能源合作，在實(shí)現(xiàn)自身發(fā)展的同時(shí)更多惠及其他國(guó)家和人民，為推動(dòng)共同發(fā)展創(chuàng)造有利條件。
China follows the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, and pursues open, green and clean governance in its energy cooperation with BRI countries towards high-standard, people-centered and sustainable goals. It attempts to bring benefits to more countries and their people while maintaining its own development trajectory, and to create conditions favorable to further common development.
推動(dòng)互利共贏的能源務(wù)實(shí)合作。中國(guó)與全球100多個(gè)國(guó)家、地區(qū)開展廣泛的能源貿(mào)易、投資、產(chǎn)能、裝備、技術(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等領(lǐng)域合作。中國(guó)企業(yè)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建設(shè)適應(yīng)合作國(guó)迫切需求的能源項(xiàng)目，幫助當(dāng)?shù)匕奄Y源優(yōu)勢(shì)轉(zhuǎn)化為發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)，促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)丶夹g(shù)進(jìn)步、就業(yè)擴(kuò)大、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和民生改善，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)、共同發(fā)展。通過(guò)第三方市場(chǎng)合作，與一些國(guó)家和大型跨國(guó)公司開展清潔能源領(lǐng)域合作，推動(dòng)形成開放透明、普惠共享、互利共贏的能源合作格局。2019年，中國(guó)等30個(gè)國(guó)家共同建立了“一帶一路”能源合作伙伴關(guān)系。
Pragmatic and mutually beneficial energy cooperation. China engages in extensive cooperation with over 100 countries and regions around the world in terms of energy trade, investment, industrial capacity, equipment, technology, and standard setting. The high standards of Chinese enterprises are much sought after by partner countries for their energy projects, which help to turn local resource advantages into development strengths. They will also drive technical progress in these countries, create more jobs, stimulate the economy, and improve people’s lives. In this way China and its BRI partners will grow together by leveraging and incorporating their respective strengths. China builds cooperation with countries and large transnational corporations in the field of clean energy through third-party markets, to create an energy cooperation framework which is open, transparent, inclusive, and mutually beneficial. In 2019, China established Belt and Road energy partnerships with 30 countries.
建設(shè)綠色絲綢之路。中國(guó)是全球最大的可再生能源市場(chǎng)，也是全球最大的清潔能源設(shè)備制造國(guó)。積極推動(dòng)全球能源綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型，廣泛開展可再生能源合作，如幾內(nèi)亞卡雷塔水電項(xiàng)目、匈牙利考波什堡光伏電站項(xiàng)目、黑山莫茹拉風(fēng)電項(xiàng)目、阿聯(lián)酋迪拜光熱光伏混合發(fā)電項(xiàng)目、巴基斯坦卡洛特水電站和真納光伏園一期光伏項(xiàng)目等。可再生能源技術(shù)在中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的廣泛應(yīng)用，促進(jìn)了全世界范圍可再生能源成本的下降，加速了全球能源轉(zhuǎn)型進(jìn)程。
A silk road with green energy. China is the largest renewable energy market and the largest clean energy equipment manufacturer in the world. It is actively working towards green and low-carbon global energy transition by engaging in extensive cooperation in renewable energy. Its efforts can be seen in cooperation projects such as the Kaleta hydropower project in Guinea, the Kaposvar PV power station project in Hungary, the Mozura wind park project in Montenegro, Noor Energy 1 – the CSP+PV solar power project in Dubai of the UAE, the Karot hydropower project and the first phase of the solar PV power project in the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park in Pakistan. The wide application of renewable energy technologies in the Chinese market is helping to reduce the cost of renewable energy across the globe and accelerate the green transition process.
加強(qiáng)能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通。積極推動(dòng)跨國(guó)、跨區(qū)域能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施聯(lián)通，為能源資源互補(bǔ)協(xié)作和互惠貿(mào)易創(chuàng)造條件。中俄、中國(guó)－中亞、中緬油氣管道等一批標(biāo)志性的能源重大項(xiàng)目建成投運(yùn)，中國(guó)與周邊7個(gè)國(guó)家實(shí)現(xiàn)電力聯(lián)網(wǎng)，能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通水平顯著提升，在更大范圍內(nèi)促進(jìn)能源資源優(yōu)化配置，促進(jìn)區(qū)域國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)合作。
Greater energy infrastructure connectivity. China is promoting transnational and cross-regional energy infrastructure connectivity, creating conditions for complementary cooperation and reciprocal trade in energy resources. A batch of landmark energy projects such as the China-Russia, China-Central Asia and China-Myanmar oil and gas pipelines have been completed and brought into operation. China has now connected its grid with the power grids of seven neighboring countries, giving a strong boost to energy infrastructure connectivity and realizing optimal allocation of energy resources on a larger scale, which facilitates economic cooperation within the region.
提高全球能源可及性。積極推動(dòng)“確保人人獲得負(fù)擔(dān)得起的、可靠和可持續(xù)的現(xiàn)代能源”可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)的國(guó)內(nèi)落實(shí)，積極參與能源可及性國(guó)際合作，采用多種融資模式為無(wú)電地區(qū)因地制宜開發(fā)并網(wǎng)、微網(wǎng)和離網(wǎng)電力項(xiàng)目，為使用傳統(tǒng)炊事燃料的地區(qū)捐贈(zèng)清潔爐灶，提高合作國(guó)能源普及水平，惠及當(dāng)?shù)孛裆?/span>
Wider global energy access. China actively implements the UN sustainable development goal of ensuring “access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”. It also takes an active part in global cooperation on expanding energy access. To improve energy access in partner countries and benefit ordinary people, China has employed multiple financing methods to develop electric power projects using grid-connected, microgrid, or off-grid solar systems according to local conditions, and donated clean cooking stoves to regions still using traditional cooking fuels.
（三）積極參與全球能源治理
3. Actively Participating in Global Energy Governance
中國(guó)堅(jiān)定支持多邊主義，按照互利共贏原則開展雙多邊能源合作，積極支持國(guó)際能源組織和合作機(jī)制在全球能源治理中發(fā)揮作用，在國(guó)際多邊合作框架下積極推動(dòng)全球能源市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)定與供應(yīng)安全、能源綠色轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展，為促進(jìn)全球能源可持續(xù)發(fā)展貢獻(xiàn)中國(guó)智慧、中國(guó)力量。
As a staunch supporter of multilateralism, China builds bilateral and multilateral energy cooperation based on mutual benefit and win-win results. It supports the role of the International Energy Agency (IEA) and relevant cooperation mechanisms in global energy governance, promotes global energy market stability and supply security, and the green energy transition within the framework of international multilateral cooperation, and contributes ideas and solutions to the sustainable development of global energy.
融入多邊能源治理。積極參與聯(lián)合國(guó)、二十國(guó)集團(tuán)、亞太經(jīng)合組織、金磚國(guó)家等多邊機(jī)制下的能源國(guó)際合作，在聯(lián)合研究發(fā)布報(bào)告、成立機(jī)構(gòu)等方面取得積極進(jìn)展。中國(guó)與90多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)建立了政府間能源合作機(jī)制，與30多個(gè)能源領(lǐng)域國(guó)際組織和多邊機(jī)制建立了合作關(guān)系。2012年以來(lái)，中國(guó)先后成為國(guó)際可再生能源署成員國(guó)、國(guó)際能源憲章簽約觀察國(guó)、國(guó)際能源署聯(lián)盟國(guó)等。
Engagement in multilateral energy governance. China is an active participant in international energy cooperation under multilateral mechanisms such as the UN, G20, APEC and BRICS. It is making positive progress in joint research, releasing reports and founding agencies. China has set up intergovernmental energy cooperation mechanisms with over 90 countries and regions, and established ties with over 30 international organizations and multilateral mechanisms in the energy sector. Since 2012, China has become a member state of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), an observer country to the Energy Charter Treaty, and an affiliate of the IEA.
倡導(dǎo)區(qū)域能源合作。搭建中國(guó)與東盟、阿盟、非盟、中東歐等區(qū)域能源合作平臺(tái)，建立東亞峰會(huì)清潔能源論壇，中國(guó)推動(dòng)能力建設(shè)與技術(shù)創(chuàng)新合作，為18個(gè)國(guó)家提供了清潔能源利用、能效等領(lǐng)域的培訓(xùn)。
A facilitator in regional energy cooperation. China has built regional energy cooperation platforms with ASEAN, the League of Arab States, African Union, and Central and Eastern Europe, and organized forums on clean energy at the East Asia Summit. It has also facilitated capacity building and cooperation on technological innovation and provided training for 18 countries in clean energy use and energy efficiency.
（四）攜手應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化
4. Joining Forces to Tackle Global Climate Change
中國(guó)秉持人類命運(yùn)共同體理念，與其他國(guó)家團(tuán)結(jié)合作、共同應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化，積極推動(dòng)能源綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型。
Embracing the vision of a global community of shared future, China works together with other countries to address global climate change and promote the transition to green and low-carbon energy.
加強(qiáng)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化國(guó)際合作。在聯(lián)合國(guó)、世界銀行、全球環(huán)境基金、亞洲開發(fā)銀行等機(jī)構(gòu)和德國(guó)等國(guó)家支持下，中國(guó)著眼能源綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型，通過(guò)經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享、技術(shù)交流、項(xiàng)目對(duì)接等方式，同相關(guān)國(guó)家在可再生能源開發(fā)利用、低碳城市示范等領(lǐng)域開展廣泛而持續(xù)的雙多邊合作。
Strengthening international cooperation on climate change. With support from the UN, World Bank, Global Environment Facility, Asian Development Bank, and countries such as Germany, China is focusing on green and low-carbon energy transition and developing extensive and sustainable bilateral and multilateral cooperation with other countries in exploiting renewable energy and showcasing pilot low-carbon cities through experience sharing, technical exchanges, and project dovetailing.
支持發(fā)展中國(guó)家提升應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化能力。深化氣候變化領(lǐng)域南南合作，支持最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家、小島嶼國(guó)家、非洲國(guó)家和其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化挑戰(zhàn)。從2016年起，中國(guó)在發(fā)展中國(guó)家啟動(dòng)10個(gè)低碳示范區(qū)、100個(gè)減緩和適應(yīng)氣候變化項(xiàng)目和1000個(gè)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化培訓(xùn)名額的合作項(xiàng)目，幫助發(fā)展中國(guó)家能源清潔低碳發(fā)展，共同應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化。
Supporting capacity building in developing countries to address climate change. China is committed to deeper South-South climate cooperation. It provides support to the least developed countries, small island countries, African countries and other developing countries in their response to climate change. Since 2016, China has set up 10 pilot low-carbon industrial parks, launched 100 mitigation and adaptation programs, and provided 1,000 training opportunities on climate change cooperation in developing countries to help them develop clean and low-carbon energy and jointly address global climate change.
（五）共同促進(jìn)全球能源可持續(xù)發(fā)展的中國(guó)主張
5. China’s Proposals for Developing Synergy on Sustainable Global Energy Development
人類已進(jìn)入互聯(lián)互通的時(shí)代，維護(hù)能源安全、應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化已成為全世界面臨的重大挑戰(zhàn)。當(dāng)前持續(xù)蔓延的新冠肺炎疫情，更加凸顯各國(guó)利益休戚相關(guān)、命運(yùn)緊密相連。中國(guó)倡議國(guó)際社會(huì)共同努力，促進(jìn)全球能源可持續(xù)發(fā)展，應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化挑戰(zhàn)，建設(shè)清潔美麗世界。
Humanity has entered an era of connectivity when maintaining energy security and addressing global climate change have become major challenges confronting the whole world. The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic highlights all the more the interdependent interests of all countries and the interconnection of all peoples. China proposes that the international community should work together on the sustainable development of global energy, address the challenges of climate change, and build a cleaner and more beautiful world.
協(xié)同推進(jìn)能源綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型，促進(jìn)清潔美麗世界建設(shè)。應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化挑戰(zhàn)，改善全球生態(tài)環(huán)境，需要各國(guó)的共同努力。各國(guó)應(yīng)選擇綠色發(fā)展道路，采取綠色低碳循環(huán)可持續(xù)的生產(chǎn)生活方式，推動(dòng)能源轉(zhuǎn)型，協(xié)同應(yīng)對(duì)和解決能源發(fā)展中的問(wèn)題，攜手應(yīng)對(duì)全球氣候變化，為建設(shè)清潔美麗世界作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。
Jointly promoting the transition to green and low-carbon energy to build a cleaner and more beautiful world. It requires the joint effort of all countries to address the challenge of climate change and improve the global eco-environment. All countries should choose the green development path, adopt green, low-carbon and sustainable working practices and lifestyles, promote energy transition, and address problems relating to energy. We should join forces to tackle global climate change and make our contribution to building a cleaner and more beautiful world.
協(xié)同鞏固能源領(lǐng)域多邊合作，加速經(jīng)濟(jì)綠色復(fù)蘇增長(zhǎng)。完善國(guó)際能源治理機(jī)制，維護(hù)開放、包容、普惠、平衡、共贏的多邊國(guó)際能源合作格局。深化能源領(lǐng)域?qū)υ挏贤ㄅc務(wù)實(shí)合作，推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇和融合發(fā)展。加強(qiáng)跨國(guó)、跨地區(qū)能源清潔低碳技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合作，促進(jìn)能源技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移和推廣普及，完善國(guó)際協(xié)同的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)。
Jointly consolidating multilateral energy cooperation to accelerate the green economic recovery and growth. We should improve international governance and maintain an open, inclusive, balanced and reciprocal multilateral framework for international energy cooperation. We should expand communication and pragmatic cooperation in the energy sector to promote economic recovery and integrated development. We should strengthen transnational and cross-regional innovation on clean-energy and low-carbon technologies, and cooperation on technology standards, to promote energy technology transfer and rollout and improve international IPR protection.
協(xié)同暢通國(guó)際能源貿(mào)易投資，維護(hù)全球能源市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)定。消除能源貿(mào)易和投資壁壘，促進(jìn)貿(mào)易投資便利化，開展能源資源和產(chǎn)能合作，深化能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施合作，提升互聯(lián)互通水平，促進(jìn)資源高效配置和市場(chǎng)深度融合。秉持共商共建共享原則，積極尋求發(fā)展利益最大公約數(shù)，促進(jìn)全球能源可持續(xù)發(fā)展，共同維護(hù)全球能源安全。
Jointly facilitating international investment in energy trading to protect global market stability. We should eliminate energy trade and investment barriers, facilitate trade and investment, cooperate on energy resources and industrial capacity as well as infrastructure, improve connectivity, and promote efficient resource allocation and greater market integration. We should embrace the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, seek the greatest common ground to promote the sustainable development of global energy, and jointly maintain global energy security.
協(xié)同促進(jìn)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)能源可及性，努力解決能源貧困問(wèn)題。共同推動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)能源領(lǐng)域可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)，支持欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和地區(qū)缺乏現(xiàn)代能源供應(yīng)的人口獲得電力等基本的能源服務(wù)。幫助欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和地區(qū)推廣應(yīng)用先進(jìn)綠色能源技術(shù)，培訓(xùn)能源專業(yè)人才，完善能源服務(wù)體系，形成綠色能源開發(fā)與消除能源貧困相融合的新模式。
Jointly improving energy access in underdeveloped areas to address energy poverty. We should join forces to realize the sustainable goal in the energy sector, and ensure access to basic energy services such as electricity for people in need in underdeveloped countries and regions. We should help underdeveloped countries and regions to popularize advanced green energy technologies, train energy professionals and improve energy services to integrate the efforts on green energy development and the elimination of energy poverty.
結(jié)束語(yǔ)
Conclusion
中國(guó)即將開啟全面建設(shè)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家的新征程。進(jìn)入新的發(fā)展階段，中國(guó)將繼續(xù)堅(jiān)定不移推進(jìn)能源革命，加快構(gòu)建清潔低碳、安全高效的能源體系，為2035年基本實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化、本世紀(jì)中葉全面建成社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國(guó)提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的能源保障。
China is embarking on a new journey towards a modern socialist country in all respects. In this new development stage, it will remain committed to an energy revolution, and move faster to build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, to lay a solid foundation for basically achieving socialist modernization in 2035 and becoming a great modern socialist country by the middle of the 21st century.
當(dāng)今世界正經(jīng)歷百年未有之大變局。生態(tài)環(huán)境事關(guān)人類生存和永續(xù)發(fā)展，需要各國(guó)團(tuán)結(jié)合作，共同應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)。中國(guó)將秉持人類命運(yùn)共同體理念，繼續(xù)與各國(guó)一道，深化全球能源治理合作，推動(dòng)全球能源可持續(xù)發(fā)展，維護(hù)全球能源安全，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)更加普惠、包容、均衡、平等的發(fā)展，建設(shè)更加清潔、美麗、繁榮、宜居的世界。
The world today is experiencing a scale of change unseen in a century. The eco-environment has a direct bearing on human existence and its sustained development. Countries of the world need to work in solidarity to cope with the challenge. China will embrace the vision of a global community of shared future, work together with all countries to expand cooperation on global energy governance, promote the sustainable development of global energy, and protect global energy security. This is part of our commitment to realizing more inclusive, balanced and equal development for all, and to building a clean, beautiful, prosperous and habitable world.
