政府工作報(bào)告
Report on the Work of the Government
——2018年3月5日在第十三屆全國人民代表大會(huì)第一次會(huì)議上
– Delivered at the First Session of the 13th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on March 5, 2018
國務(wù)院總理 李克強(qiáng)
Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council
各位代表：
Fellow Deputies,
現(xiàn)在，我代表國務(wù)院，向大會(huì)報(bào)告過去五年政府工作，對今年工作提出建議，請予審議，并請全國政協(xié)委員提出意見。
On behalf of the State Council, I will now report to you on the government’s work of the past five years and lay out what we propose for this year’s work for your deliberation and approval. I also invite comments from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).
一、過去五年工作回顧
I will begin with a review of our work over the past five years.
第十二屆全國人民代表大會(huì)第一次會(huì)議以來的五年，是我國發(fā)展進(jìn)程中極不平凡的五年。面對極其錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的國內(nèi)外形勢，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)全國各族人民砥礪前行，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)“五位一體”總體布局，協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)“四個(gè)全面”戰(zhàn)略布局，改革開放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)全面開創(chuàng)新局面。黨的十九大確立了習(xí)近平新時(shí)代中國特色社會(huì)主義思想的歷史地位，制定了決勝全面建成小康社會(huì)、奪取新時(shí)代中國特色社會(huì)主義偉大勝利的宏偉藍(lán)圖和行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)，具有重大現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和深遠(yuǎn)歷史意義。各地區(qū)各部門不斷增強(qiáng)政治意識(shí)、大局意識(shí)、核心意識(shí)、看齊意識(shí)，深入貫徹落實(shí)新發(fā)展理念，“十二五”規(guī)劃圓滿完成，“十三五”規(guī)劃順利實(shí)施，經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展取得歷史性成就、發(fā)生歷史性變革。
The five years since the first session of the 12th National People’s Congress (NPC) have been a truly remarkable five years in the course of our country’s development. Facing an extremely complex environment both at home and abroad, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, has rallied and led the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to forge ahead. We have moved forward with the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan* and the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy**, and made new advances on all fronts of reform, opening-up, and socialist modernization.
(* The “Five-sphere Integrated Plan” is a plan to promote coordinated economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological advancement.
** The “Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy” is a strategy of comprehensive moves to finish building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, deepen reform, advance law-based governance, and strengthen Party self-governance.)
At its 19th National Congress, the Party established the position in history of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and mapped out an inspiring blueprint and a program of action for securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and for striving for the success of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era. This is of great immediate significance and far-reaching historical significance.
All regions and all government departments have strengthened their consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment. The new development philosophy has been thoroughly acted upon, the 12th Five-Year Plan has been fully completed, and implementation of the 13th Five-Year Plan has seen smooth progress. In economic and social development we have made historic achievements and seen historic change.
五年來，經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力躍上新臺(tái)階。國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值從54萬億元增加到82.7萬億元，年均增長7.1%，占世界經(jīng)濟(jì)比重從11.4%提高到15%左右，對世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長貢獻(xiàn)率超過30%。財(cái)政收入從11.7萬億元增加到17.3萬億元。居民消費(fèi)價(jià)格年均上漲1.9%，保持較低水平。城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)6600萬人以上，13億多人口的大國實(shí)現(xiàn)了比較充分就業(yè)。
Over the past five years, economic strength has reached a new high.
China’s gross domestic product (GDP) has risen from 54 trillion to 82.7 trillion yuan, registering average annual growth of 7.1 percent; and its share in the global economy has grown to roughly 15 percent, up from 11.4 percent. China’s contribution to global growth has exceeded 30 percent. Government revenue has increased from 11.7 trillion to 17.3 trillion yuan. Consumer prices rose at an average annual rate of 1.9 percent, maintaining a relatively low level of growth. More than 66 million new urban jobs have been added, and our country, with its population of over 1.3 billion, has achieved relatively full employment.
五年來，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)重大變革。消費(fèi)貢獻(xiàn)率由54.9%提高到58.8%，服務(wù)業(yè)比重從45.3%上升到51.6%，成為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長主動(dòng)力。高技術(shù)制造業(yè)年均增長11.7%。糧食生產(chǎn)能力達(dá)到1.2萬億斤。城鎮(zhèn)化率從52.6%提高到58.5%，8000多萬農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移人口成為城鎮(zhèn)居民。
Over the past five years, the structure of the Chinese economy has seen a major transformation.
With the share of the service sector rising from 45.3 to 51.6 percent of the economy, consumption’s contribution to growth has increased from 54.9 to 58.8 percent, becoming the main driver of growth. High-tech manufacturing has achieved an average annual increase of 11.7 percent, and the annual grain yield has reached 600 million metric tons. China’s urbanization rate has risen from 52.6 to 58.5 percent, and more than 80 million people who have relocated from rural to urban areas have gained permanent urban residency.
五年來，創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展成果豐碩。全社會(huì)研發(fā)投入年均增長11%，規(guī)模躍居世界第二位。科技進(jìn)步貢獻(xiàn)率由52.2%提高到57.5%。載人航天、深海探測、量子通信、大飛機(jī)等重大創(chuàng)新成果不斷涌現(xiàn)。高鐵網(wǎng)絡(luò)、電子商務(wù)、移動(dòng)支付、共享經(jīng)濟(jì)等引領(lǐng)世界潮流。“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”廣泛融入各行各業(yè)。大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬眾創(chuàng)新蓬勃發(fā)展，日均新設(shè)企業(yè)由5千多戶增加到1萬6千多戶。快速崛起的新動(dòng)能，正在重塑經(jīng)濟(jì)增長格局、深刻改變生產(chǎn)生活方式，成為中國創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的新標(biāo)志。
Over the past five years, innovation-driven development has yielded fruitful outcomes.
China’s investment in research and development (R&D) has grown at an average annual rate of 11 percent, ranking second in the world in scale. The contribution of technological advances to economic growth has risen from 52.2 to 57.5 percent. In manned spaceflight, deep-water exploration, quantum communications, large aircraft development, and more, China has seen a stream of major outcomes of innovation. In high-speed rail, e-commerce, mobile payments, and the sharing economy, China is leading the world.
The Internet Plus model has permeated every industry and every field. Business startups and innovation are thriving all over the country, and the average number of new businesses opened daily has risen from over 5,000 to more than 16,000. Rapidly emerging new growth drivers are reshaping China’s growth model, are profoundly changing the way we live and work, and have become a new hallmark of China’s innovation-driven development.
五年來，改革開放邁出重大步伐。改革全面發(fā)力、多點(diǎn)突破、縱深推進(jìn)，重要領(lǐng)域和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)改革取得突破性進(jìn)展。簡政放權(quán)、放管結(jié)合、優(yōu)化服務(wù)等改革推動(dòng)政府職能發(fā)生深刻轉(zhuǎn)變，市場活力和社會(huì)創(chuàng)造力明顯增強(qiáng)。“一帶一路”建設(shè)成效顯著，對外貿(mào)易和利用外資結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、規(guī)模穩(wěn)居世界前列。
Over the past five years, significant headway has been made in reform and opening-up.
In reform, we have made strong moves across the board, secured major advances in many areas, and driven deeper in pursuing progress, making breakthroughs in reforms in important fields and key links. Reforms to streamline administration and delegate powers, improve regulation, and optimize services, have driven profound shifts in the functions of government, and significantly strengthened market dynamism and public creativity. The Belt and Road Initiative has been making major progress. The composition of both Chinese foreign trade and foreign investment in China has been improved, with volumes ranking among the largest in the world.
五年來，人民生活持續(xù)改善。脫貧攻堅(jiān)取得決定性進(jìn)展，貧困人口減少6800多萬，易地扶貧搬遷830萬人，貧困發(fā)生率由10.2%下降到3.1%。居民收入年均增長7.4%、超過經(jīng)濟(jì)增速，形成世界上人口最多的中等收入群體。出境旅游人次由8300萬增加到1億3千多萬。社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)覆蓋9億多人，基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)覆蓋13.5億人，織就了世界上最大的社會(huì)保障網(wǎng)。人均預(yù)期壽命達(dá)到76.7歲。棚戶區(qū)住房改造2600多萬套，農(nóng)村危房改造1700多萬戶，上億人喜遷新居。
Over the past five years, living standards have been constantly improving.
We have made decisive progress in the fight against poverty: More than 68 million people have been lifted out of poverty, including a total of 8.3 million relocated from inhospitable areas, and the poverty headcount ratio has dropped from 10.2 to 3.1 percent. Personal income has increased by an annual average of 7.4 percent, outpacing economic growth and creating the world’s largest middle-income group. Tourist departures have grown from 83 million to over 130 million. Social old-age pension schemes now cover more than 900 million people, and the basic health insurance plans cover 1.35 billion people, forming the largest social safety net in the world. On average, life expectancy has reached 76.7 years. Over 26 million housing units have been rebuilt in rundown urban areas, and more than 17 million dilapidated houses have been renovated in rural areas. Thanks to these efforts, more than one hundred million Chinese have moved into new homes.
五年來，生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況逐步好轉(zhuǎn)。制定實(shí)施大氣、水、土壤污染防治三個(gè)“十條”并取得扎實(shí)成效。單位國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗、水耗均下降20%以上，主要污染物排放量持續(xù)下降，重點(diǎn)城市重污染天數(shù)減少一半，森林面積增加1.63億畝，沙化土地面積年均縮減近2000平方公里，綠色發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)可喜局面。
Over the past five years, the environment has seen gradual improvement.
To address air, water, and soil pollution, we have designed and enforced a ten-point list of measures for each and achieved solid progress. Both energy and water consumption per unit of GDP have fallen more than 20 percent, the release of major pollutants has been consistently declining, and the number of days of heavy air pollution in key cities has fallen 50 percent. Forest coverage has increased by 10.87 million hectares, and the area of desertified land has been reduced by close to 2,000 square kilometers on average each year. Encouraging progress has been made in green development.
剛剛過去的2017年，經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展主要目標(biāo)任務(wù)全面完成并好于預(yù)期。國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長6.9%，居民收入增長7.3%，增速均比上年有所加快；城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1351萬人，失業(yè)率為多年來最低；工業(yè)增速回升，企業(yè)利潤增長21%；財(cái)政收入增長7.4%，扭轉(zhuǎn)了增速放緩態(tài)勢；進(jìn)出口增長14.2%，實(shí)際使用外資1363億美元、創(chuàng)歷史新高。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)出增長與質(zhì)量、結(jié)構(gòu)、效益相得益彰的良好局面。這是五年來一系列重大政策效應(yīng)累積，各方面不懈努力、久久為功的結(jié)果。
In the year just passed, all main targets and tasks for economic and social development were accomplished and performance has exceeded expectations. GDP grew 6.9 percent and personal income rose 7.3 percent, both beating the previous year’s growth rates. Around 13.51 million new urban jobs were created, and the jobless rate was the lowest in recent years. Industrial growth began to rebound, and corporate profits increased 21 percent. Government revenue grew 7.4 percent, reversing the slowdown in growth. The total import and export value rose 14.2 percent. Inward foreign investment reached 136.3 billion U.S. dollars, hitting a new all-time high.
The state of play in the economy was good, with growth and quality, structural improvement, and performance each reinforcing the other. This is the result of the cumulative effect of a raft of major policies over the past five years and of consistent efforts in all areas of endeavor.
過去五年取得的全方位、開創(chuàng)性成就，發(fā)生的深層次、根本性變革，再次令世界矚目，全國各族人民倍感振奮和自豪。
Over the past five years, the ground-breaking achievements made on every front and the profound and fundamental changes that have taken place, have attracted global attention and are the pride and inspiration of all of us in China.
五年來，我們認(rèn)真貫徹以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央決策部署，主要做了以下工作。
Over the past five years, we have worked with dedication to implement the decisions and plans made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core. The following are the highlights of that work:
（一）堅(jiān)持穩(wěn)中求進(jìn)工作總基調(diào)，著力創(chuàng)新和完善宏觀調(diào)控，經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行保持在合理區(qū)間、實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)中向好。
First, with a commitment to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, we have focused on developing new and better approaches to macro regulation, kept major indicators within an appropriate range, and achieved stable, positive economic performance.
這些年，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇乏力，國際金融市場跌宕起伏，保護(hù)主義明顯抬頭。我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中結(jié)構(gòu)性問題和深層次矛盾凸顯，經(jīng)濟(jì)下行壓力持續(xù)加大，遇到不少兩難多難抉擇。面對這種局面，我們保持戰(zhàn)略定力，堅(jiān)持不搞“大水漫灌”式強(qiáng)刺激，而是適應(yīng)把握引領(lǐng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展新常態(tài)，統(tǒng)籌穩(wěn)增長、促改革、調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、惠民生、防風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，不斷創(chuàng)新和完善宏觀調(diào)控，確立區(qū)間調(diào)控的思路和方式，加強(qiáng)定向調(diào)控、相機(jī)調(diào)控、精準(zhǔn)調(diào)控。明確強(qiáng)調(diào)只要經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行在合理區(qū)間，就業(yè)增加、收入增長、環(huán)境改善，就集中精力促改革、調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、添動(dòng)力。采取既利當(dāng)前更惠長遠(yuǎn)的舉措，著力推進(jìn)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，適度擴(kuò)大總需求，推動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)更高層次的供需動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。經(jīng)過艱辛努力，我們頂住了經(jīng)濟(jì)下行壓力、避免了“硬著陸”，保持了經(jīng)濟(jì)中高速增長，促進(jìn)了結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化，經(jīng)濟(jì)長期向好的基本面不斷鞏固和發(fā)展。
The past few years have witnessed anemic world economic recovery, volatility in global financial markets, and a sharp rise in protectionism. In China, structural issues and underlying problems have become more acute, downward pressure on the economy has continued to mount, and we have met with no small number of dilemmas.
In confronting this new environment, we have maintained strategic focus and refrained from resorting to a deluge of strong stimulus policies. Instead, we have adapted to, addressed, and steered the new normal in economic development, and taken coordinated steps to ensure steady growth, advance reform, make structural adjustments, improve living standards, and guard against risk. We have made fresh innovations in and refined macro regulation, developed the idea of and ways to achieve ranged-based regulation, and enhanced targeted, well-timed, and precision regulation.
We have been clear that as long as the major economic indicators are within an acceptable range, with employment growing, incomes increasing, and the environment improving, then our energies should be focused on advancing reform, making structural adjustments, and adding growth drivers.
We have adopted measures that are good for the near term and even better for the long term, made strong moves to advance supply-side structural reform, appropriately expanded aggregate demand, and worked for a dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand at a higher level.
With grit and determination, we have overcome downward pressure on the economy, avoided a “hard landing,” maintained a medium-high growth rate, and promoted structural upgrading. The economic fundamentals that will sustain long-term growth have been cemented and enhanced.
堅(jiān)持實(shí)施積極的財(cái)政政策和穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策。在財(cái)政收支矛盾較大情況下，著眼“放水養(yǎng)魚”、增強(qiáng)后勁，我國率先大幅減稅降費(fèi)。分步驟全面推開營改增，結(jié)束了66年的營業(yè)稅征收歷史，累計(jì)減稅超過2萬億元，加上采取小微企業(yè)稅收優(yōu)惠、清理各種收費(fèi)等措施，共減輕市場主體負(fù)擔(dān)3萬多億元。加強(qiáng)地方政府債務(wù)管理，實(shí)施地方政府存量債務(wù)置換，降低利息負(fù)擔(dān)1.2萬億元。調(diào)整財(cái)政支出結(jié)構(gòu)，盤活沉淀資金，保障基本民生和重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。財(cái)政赤字率一直控制在3%以內(nèi)。貨幣政策保持穩(wěn)健中性，廣義貨幣M2增速呈下降趨勢，信貸和社會(huì)融資規(guī)模適度增長。采取定向降準(zhǔn)、專項(xiàng)再貸款等差別化政策，加強(qiáng)對重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和薄弱環(huán)節(jié)支持，小微企業(yè)貸款增速高于各項(xiàng)貸款平均增速。改革完善匯率市場化形成機(jī)制，保持人民幣匯率基本穩(wěn)定，外匯儲(chǔ)備轉(zhuǎn)降為升。妥善應(yīng)對“錢荒”等金融市場異常波動(dòng)，規(guī)范金融市場秩序，防范化解重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，守住了不發(fā)生系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的底線，維護(hù)了國家經(jīng)濟(jì)金融安全。
We have continued to follow a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy. Despite a fairly big imbalance between government revenue and expenditure, China has led the way in slashing taxes and fees with the aim of using accommodative measures to strengthen the basis for sustained growth. Step by step, we have extended the replacement of business tax with value added tax (VAT) to all sectors across the country, calling time on the 66-year history of business tax. The result so far has been a tax cut of more than 2 trillion yuan. We have also adopted measures like preferential tax policies for small low-profit businesses and an overhaul of different types of fees. All in all, our market entities have seen savings of more than 3 trillion yuan. We have strengthened management over local government debt, and issued local government bonds to replace outstanding debt, cutting interest liability by 1.2 trillion yuan. We have adjusted the structure of government expenditure, put idle funds to work, and ensured the spending for undertaking major projects and meeting basic public needs. The deficit-to-GDP ratio has been kept within 3 percent.
Monetary policy has remained prudent and neutral. The M2 money supply growth rate has been trending downward, while credit and aggregate financing have seen moderate growth. Differentiated policies, such as targeted reserve requirement ratio cuts and targeted re-lending, have been adopted to strengthen support for key fields and weak links. The growth of loans to small and micro businesses has outstripped the average growth in lending. We have reformed and improved the market-based exchange rate mechanism and kept the RMB exchange rate basically stable; and foreign exchange reserves are now rising not falling. We have responded appropriately to abnormal market fluctuations such as the cash crunch, brought better order to the financial markets, prevented and diffused risks in key sectors, forestalled systemic risks, and thus safeguarded China’s economic and financial security.
（二）堅(jiān)持以供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革為主線，著力培育壯大新動(dòng)能，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)加快優(yōu)化升級。緊緊依靠改革破解經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和結(jié)構(gòu)失衡難題，大力發(fā)展新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，改造提升傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，提高供給體系質(zhì)量和效率。
Second, with a commitment to treating supply-side structural reform as our main task, we have focused on fostering new growth drivers to speed up economic structural upgrading.
We have persevered in relying on reform to overcome economic difficulties and address structural imbalances, made a big push to foster emerging industries, overhauled and strengthened traditional industries, and improved the quality and performance of the supply system.
扎實(shí)推進(jìn)“三去一降一補(bǔ)”。五年來，在淘汰水泥、平板玻璃等落后產(chǎn)能基礎(chǔ)上，以鋼鐵、煤炭等行業(yè)為重點(diǎn)加大去產(chǎn)能力度，中央財(cái)政安排1000億元專項(xiàng)獎(jiǎng)補(bǔ)資金予以支持，用于分流職工安置。退出鋼鐵產(chǎn)能1.7億噸以上、煤炭產(chǎn)能8億噸，安置分流職工110多萬人。因城施策分類指導(dǎo)，三四線城市商品住宅去庫存取得明顯成效，熱點(diǎn)城市房價(jià)漲勢得到控制。積極穩(wěn)妥去杠桿，控制債務(wù)規(guī)模，增加股權(quán)融資，工業(yè)企業(yè)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債率連續(xù)下降，宏觀杠桿率漲幅明顯收窄、總體趨于穩(wěn)定。多措并舉降成本，壓減政府性基金項(xiàng)目30%，削減中央政府層面設(shè)立的涉企收費(fèi)項(xiàng)目60%以上，階段性降低“五險(xiǎn)一金”繳費(fèi)比例，推動(dòng)降低用能、物流、電信等成本。突出重點(diǎn)加大補(bǔ)短板力度。
Solid work has moved us forward in the five priority tasks of cutting overcapacity, reducing excess inventory, deleveraging, lowering costs, and strengthening areas of weakness.
Over the past five years, building on work to cut backward production capacity in the cement, plate glass, and other industries, we have intensified efforts to cut overcapacity, prioritizing industries such as steel and coal; and a 100-billion-yuan fund for rewards and subsidies has been put in place by the central government to support efforts to assist affected employees. We have cut steel production capacity by more than 170 million metric tons and coal production capacity by 800 million metric tons, and over 1.1 million affected employees have been assisted.
Thanks to city-specific policies and category-specific guidance, clear progress has been made in reducing commercial residential housing inventory in third- and fourth-tier cities, and the growth of housing prices in the most popular cities has been brought under control.
We have taken active and prudent steps to deleverage, control the scale of debts, and expand equity finance. The debt-to-asset ratio of industrial enterprises has been consistently declining. Macro leverage ratio is increasing by much smaller margins and is generally stable.
We have used a combination of measures to bring down costs: 30 percent of government-managed funds and fees have been cut; over 60 percent of the fees and charges levied on businesses by the central government have been abolished; the ratio of enterprise contributions to old-age pension, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, and maternity insurance, workers’ compensation, and housing provident fund schemes has been reduced for the time being, and work has been done to lower energy, logistics, and telecommunications costs.
We have stepped up efforts to strengthen areas of weakness, with a focus on key issues.
加快新舊發(fā)展動(dòng)能接續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)換。深入開展“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”行動(dòng)，實(shí)行包容審慎監(jiān)管，推動(dòng)大數(shù)據(jù)、云計(jì)算、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)廣泛應(yīng)用，新興產(chǎn)業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)深刻重塑。實(shí)施“中國制造2025”，推進(jìn)工業(yè)強(qiáng)基、智能制造、綠色制造等重大工程，先進(jìn)制造業(yè)加快發(fā)展。出臺(tái)現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)改革發(fā)展舉措，服務(wù)新業(yè)態(tài)新模式異軍突起，促進(jìn)了各行業(yè)融合升級。深化農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，新型經(jīng)營主體大批涌現(xiàn)，種植業(yè)適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營比重從30%提升到40%以上。采取措施增加中低收入者收入，推動(dòng)傳統(tǒng)消費(fèi)提檔升級、新興消費(fèi)快速興起，網(wǎng)上零售額年均增長30%以上，社會(huì)消費(fèi)品零售總額年均增長11.3%。優(yōu)化投資結(jié)構(gòu)，鼓勵(lì)民間投資，發(fā)揮政府投資撬動(dòng)作用，引導(dǎo)更多資金投向強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)、增后勁、惠民生領(lǐng)域。高速鐵路運(yùn)營里程從9000多公里增加到2萬5千公里、占世界三分之二，高速公路里程從9.6萬公里增加到13.6萬公里，新建改建農(nóng)村公路127萬公里，新建民航機(jī)場46個(gè)，開工重大水利工程122項(xiàng)，完成新一輪農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)改造，建成全球最大的移動(dòng)寬帶網(wǎng)。五年來，發(fā)展新動(dòng)能迅速壯大，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長實(shí)現(xiàn)由主要依靠投資、出口拉動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向依靠消費(fèi)、投資、出口協(xié)同拉動(dòng)，由主要依靠第二產(chǎn)業(yè)帶動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向依靠三次產(chǎn)業(yè)共同帶動(dòng)。這是我們多年想實(shí)現(xiàn)而沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的重大結(jié)構(gòu)性變革。
We have sped up the replacement of old growth drivers.
We have done more in carrying out the Internet Plus Initiative, exercised accommodative and prudential regulation, and promoted the extensive application of big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things; emerging industries have achieved vigorous growth, and traditional industries have undergone a thorough remodeling.
Implementation of the Made in China 2025 Initiative has brought progress in major projects like the building of robust industrial foundations, smart manufacturing, and green manufacturing, and has accelerated the development of advanced manufacturing.
We unveiled reform and development measures to foster modern services; and this has led to a marked rise in new forms of business in the services sector and new service models as well as the integration and upgrading of multiple sectors.
Deepened supply-side structural reform in agriculture has brought the emergence of a large number of new types of agribusiness. The share of appropriately scaled-up farming has increased from 30 to over 40 percent.
We have taken measures to increase the incomes of those in low- and middle-income brackets, and helped to see an upgrading of traditional forms of consumption, and a boom in new forms of consumption. Online retail sales have been growing at an average annual rate of over 30 percent, and total retail sales of consumer goods have enjoyed an average annual increase of 11.3 percent.
We have improved the composition of investment, encouraged private investment, used government investment to play a catalytic role, and guided more funding toward areas that strengthen the economic foundation, enhance sustainability, and improve people’s lives.
China’s in-operation high-speed railways have grown from over 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers, accounting for two thirds of the world’s total. Our expressways have grown from 96,000 to 136,000 kilometers. We have built or upgraded 1.27 million kilometers of rural roads, built 46 new civilian airports, and begun work on 122 major water conservancy projects. We have completed the latest round of rural power grid upgrading, and put in place the largest mobile broadband network in the world.
Over the past five years, new growth drivers have rapidly grown in strength. Economic growth, in the past mainly driven by investment and exports, is now being fueled by consumption, investment, and exports. In the past dependent mainly on secondary industry, growth is now powered by a combination of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. This is a major structural transformation that for years our sights have been set on, but we were always unable to achieve.
推進(jìn)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，必須破除要素市場化配置障礙，降低制度性交易成本。針對長期存在的重審批、輕監(jiān)管、弱服務(wù)問題，我們持續(xù)深化“放管服”改革，加快轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能，減少微觀管理、直接干預(yù)，注重加強(qiáng)宏觀調(diào)控、市場監(jiān)管和公共服務(wù)。五年來，國務(wù)院部門行政審批事項(xiàng)削減44%，非行政許可審批徹底終結(jié)，中央政府層面核準(zhǔn)的企業(yè)投資項(xiàng)目減少90%，行政審批中介服務(wù)事項(xiàng)壓減74%，職業(yè)資格許可和認(rèn)定大幅減少。中央政府定價(jià)項(xiàng)目縮減80%，地方政府定價(jià)項(xiàng)目縮減50%以上。全面改革工商登記、注冊資本等商事制度，企業(yè)開辦時(shí)間縮短三分之一以上。創(chuàng)新和加強(qiáng)事中事后監(jiān)管，實(shí)行“雙隨機(jī)、一公開”，隨機(jī)抽取檢查人員和檢查對象、及時(shí)公開查處結(jié)果，提高了監(jiān)管效能和公正性。推行“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+政務(wù)服務(wù)”，實(shí)施一站式服務(wù)等舉措。營商環(huán)境持續(xù)改善，市場活力明顯增強(qiáng)，群眾辦事更加便利。
Advancing supply-side structural reform demands removing barriers to market based allocation of the factors of production and reducing government-imposed transaction costs.
To address the longstanding issues of excessive emphasis on approval procedures, insufficient attention to regulatory processes, and a failure to provide strong services, we have been consistently deepening reforms to streamline administration, delegate powers, improve regulation, and strengthen services.
We have sped up efforts to transform government functions, reduced micromanagement and direct intervention, and done more to improve macro regulation, market regulation, and public services.
Over the past five years, the number of items subject to approval by State Council offices and departments has been slashed by 44 percent, the practice of non-administrative approval has been completely put to a stop, the number of business investment items subject to central government approval has been cut by 90 percent, intermediary services needed for obtaining government approval have been cut by 74 percent, and the requirements for professional qualification approval and accreditation have been significantly reduced. The number of items for which central government sets the prices has been cut back by 80 percent, and local government-priced items have been cut down by over 50 percent. Comprehensive reforms have swept the business system, including business and capital registration, reducing the time it takes to start a business by over a third.
We have developed new and better ways of conducting compliance oversight, and introduced a new model of oversight combining randomly selected inspectors who inspect randomly selected entities and the prompt release of results. These efforts have made regulation more effective and impartial.
We have rolled out the Internet Plus Government Services model and adopted measures such as the one-stop service model.
Thanks to the above reforms, the business environment has consistently improved, the market is more energized, and people can access government services more easily.
（三）堅(jiān)持創(chuàng)新引領(lǐng)發(fā)展，著力激發(fā)社會(huì)創(chuàng)造力，整體創(chuàng)新能力和效率顯著提高。實(shí)施創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，優(yōu)化創(chuàng)新生態(tài)，形成多主體協(xié)同、全方位推進(jìn)的創(chuàng)新局面。擴(kuò)大科研機(jī)構(gòu)和高校科研自主權(quán)，改進(jìn)科研項(xiàng)目和經(jīng)費(fèi)管理，深化科技成果權(quán)益管理改革。支持北京、上海建設(shè)科技創(chuàng)新中心，新設(shè)14個(gè)國家自主創(chuàng)新示范區(qū)，帶動(dòng)形成一批區(qū)域創(chuàng)新高地。以企業(yè)為主體加強(qiáng)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體系建設(shè)，涌現(xiàn)一批具有國際競爭力的創(chuàng)新型企業(yè)和新型研發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)。深入開展大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬眾創(chuàng)新，實(shí)施普惠性支持政策，完善孵化體系。各類市場主體達(dá)到9800多萬戶，五年增加70%以上。國內(nèi)有效發(fā)明專利擁有量增加兩倍，技術(shù)交易額翻了一番。我國科技創(chuàng)新由跟跑為主轉(zhuǎn)向更多領(lǐng)域并跑、領(lǐng)跑，成為全球矚目的創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)熱土。
Third, with a commitment to innovation-driven development, and a focus on unlocking public creativity, we have achieved a remarkable improvement in our general capacity for making innovations and for seeing that innovation delivers.
We have put into action the innovation-driven development strategy and worked to build a better ecosystem for innovation, giving shape to innovation involving multiple actors making across-the-board advances.
Research institutes and universities now have greater say over their research; research projects and funding are better managed, and the way of managing rights and interests relating to scientific and technological advances has undergone reform.
We have supported Beijing and Shanghai in building themselves into centers for scientific and technological innovation, and set up 14 new national innovation demonstration zones, thus creating a number of regional innovation hubs.
With enterprises as the main actors, we have boosted the development of a system for technological innovation. China has seen the emergence of a number of world-class innovative enterprises and new-type R&D institutions.
We have launched and taken bold moves in the nationwide business startup and innovation initiative, adopted support policies designed to benefit all entrepreneurs and innovators, and improved the incubation system.
China’s market entities, all types included, now total over 98 million, an increase of more than 70 percent over the past five years. The number of in-force Chinese invention patents issued in China has tripled, and the volume of technology transactions has doubled. In the global race of scientific and technological innovation, China has shifted place, from following others to keeping pace and even leading the pack in more and more areas. Our country has become a globally recognized fertile ground for innovation and business ventures.
（四）堅(jiān)持全面深化改革，著力破除體制機(jī)制弊端，發(fā)展動(dòng)力不斷增強(qiáng)。國企國資改革扎實(shí)推進(jìn)，公司制改革基本完成，兼并重組、壓減層級、提質(zhì)增效取得積極進(jìn)展。國有企業(yè)效益明顯好轉(zhuǎn)，去年利潤增長23.5%。深化能源、鐵路、鹽業(yè)等領(lǐng)域改革。放寬非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)市場準(zhǔn)入。建立不動(dòng)產(chǎn)統(tǒng)一登記制度。完善產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)制度。財(cái)稅改革取得重大進(jìn)展，全面推行財(cái)政預(yù)決算公開，構(gòu)建以共享稅為主的中央和地方收入分配格局，啟動(dòng)中央與地方財(cái)政事權(quán)和支出責(zé)任劃分改革，中央對地方一般性轉(zhuǎn)移支付規(guī)模大幅增加、專項(xiàng)轉(zhuǎn)移支付項(xiàng)目減少三分之二。基本放開利率管制，建立存款保險(xiǎn)制度，推動(dòng)大中型商業(yè)銀行設(shè)立普惠金融事業(yè)部，深化政策性、開發(fā)性金融機(jī)構(gòu)改革，強(qiáng)化金融監(jiān)管協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。完善城鄉(xiāng)義務(wù)教育均衡發(fā)展促進(jìn)機(jī)制，改革考試招生制度。建立統(tǒng)一的城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度，實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)關(guān)事業(yè)單位和企業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度并軌。出臺(tái)劃轉(zhuǎn)部分國有資本充實(shí)社保基金方案。實(shí)施醫(yī)療、醫(yī)保、醫(yī)藥聯(lián)動(dòng)改革，全面推開公立醫(yī)院綜合改革，取消長期實(shí)行的藥品加成政策，藥品醫(yī)療器械審批制度改革取得突破。推進(jìn)農(nóng)村承包地“三權(quán)”分置改革、確權(quán)面積超過80%，改革重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品收儲(chǔ)制度。完善主體功能區(qū)制度，建立生態(tài)文明績效考評和責(zé)任追究制度，推行河長制、湖長制，開展省級以下環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)垂直管理制度改革試點(diǎn)。各領(lǐng)域改革的深化，推動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展。
Fourth, with a commitment to deepening reform across the board, we have taken major steps to remove institutional barriers, thus steadily boosting the driving forces powering development.
Solid progress has been made in the reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and state assets; the reform to convert SOEs into standard companies has now basically been completed; and efforts to merge and restructure, reduce the organizational levels in, and improve the quality and efficiency of SOEs have made good progress. The performance of SOEs has been much improved, with profits last year growing by 23.5 percent. We have deepened reform in sectors like energy, rail, and the salt industry.
Market access to the non-public sector has been expanded. An integrated registration system for immovable property has been put in place, and the property rights protection system has been improved.
Fiscal and tax reforms have made major progress. We have introduced the requirement nationwide for government budgets and final accounts to be released to the public, developed a system based mainly on tax sharing for dividing revenue between central and local government, launched the reform to define the respective financial powers and expenditure responsibilities of central and local government, and significantly scaled up general transfer payments from central to local government, while also cutting by two thirds the number of items for which special purpose transfer payments are made.
We have largely lifted controls on interest rates, established a deposit insurance system, encouraged large and medium commercial banks to set up inclusive finance divisions, deepened the reform of policy-backed and development financial institutions, and strengthened the mechanisms for coordinating financial regulation.
We have improved the mechanisms for promoting more balanced development of urban and rural compulsory education, and reformed the examination and enrollment systems.
We have established unified basic pension and health insurance schemes for rural and non-working urban residents, and brought government office and public institution pension schemes into line with enterprise schemes. We have unveiled a plan for appropriating a share of state capital to replenish social security funds.
We have carried out coordinated medical service, medical insurance, and pharmaceutical reforms. We have introduced a comprehensive reform in all public hospitals, rescinded the policy, long in effect, of allowing hospitals to profit from higher priced medicine, and made breakthroughs in the reform of approval systems for medicine and medical devices.
We have pursued reform to separate rural land ownership rights, contract rights, and use rights, and already seen that over 80 percent of contracted rural land covered by this reform. We have reformed the system for purchasing and stockpiling important agricultural products.
We have improved the functional zoning system, established performance evaluation and accountability systems for ecological conservation, and instituted the river chief and lake chief systems. We have piloted a system placing government environmental offices below the provincial level directly under the supervision of provincial-level environmental offices.
The deepening of reform in each and every field has given a boost to sustained, healthy economic and social development.
（五）堅(jiān)持對外開放的基本國策，著力實(shí)現(xiàn)合作共贏，開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)水平顯著提升。倡導(dǎo)和推動(dòng)共建“一帶一路”，發(fā)起創(chuàng)辦亞投行，設(shè)立絲路基金，一批重大互聯(lián)互通、經(jīng)貿(mào)合作項(xiàng)目落地。設(shè)立上海等11個(gè)自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)，一批改革試點(diǎn)成果向全國推廣。改革出口退稅負(fù)擔(dān)機(jī)制、退稅增量全部由中央財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)，設(shè)立13個(gè)跨境電商綜合試驗(yàn)區(qū)，國際貿(mào)易“單一窗口”覆蓋全國，貨物通關(guān)時(shí)間平均縮短一半以上，進(jìn)出口實(shí)現(xiàn)回穩(wěn)向好。外商投資由審批制轉(zhuǎn)向負(fù)面清單管理，限制性措施削減三分之二。外商投資結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化，高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)占比提高一倍。加大引智力度，來華工作的外國專家增加40%。引導(dǎo)對外投資健康發(fā)展。推進(jìn)國際產(chǎn)能合作，高鐵、核電等裝備走向世界。新簽和升級8個(gè)自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定。滬港通、深港通、債券通相繼啟動(dòng)，人民幣加入國際貨幣基金組織特別提款權(quán)貨幣籃子，人民幣國際化邁出重要步伐。中國開放的擴(kuò)大，有力促進(jìn)了自身發(fā)展，給世界帶來重大機(jī)遇。
Fifth, with a commitment to China’s fundamental policy of opening-up, we have focused on promoting win-win cooperation, and significantly improved the performance of our country’s open economy.
We have launched and worked with other countries in the Belt and Road Initiative. We initiated the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, set up the Silk Road Fund, and launched a number of major connectivity and economic and trade cooperation initiatives.
Beginning with the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, we have established 11 pilot free trade zones. A number of successful outcomes from pilot reforms are now being applied nationwide.
We have reformed the cost-sharing mechanism for export tax rebates, and the central government now pays the full sum of increases in export tax rebates. We have set up 13 comprehensive experimental zones for cross-border e-commerce. Single-window document processing for international trade has been applied nationwide, cutting the average time for customs clearance by over half. Imports and exports have rebounded and steadily grown.
For foreign investment, we have replaced the approval system with a negative list model, and have cut restrictions by two thirds. The composition of foreign investment has improved, with investment in high-tech industries doubling. We have intensified efforts to attract talent, and the number of foreign experts working in China has grown by 40 percent.
We have guided the healthy development of outbound investment. We have moved forward with international cooperation on production capacity; high-speed rail, nuclear power, and other types of Chinese equipment have entered international markets. We have signed or upgraded eight free trade agreements. We have launched the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect, the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect, and the Bond Connect. The RMB was included in the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights basket, representing a major step forward in its internationalization.
China has opened its doors wider to the world. This opening has played a powerful role in our own development, and it presents important opportunities for the rest of the world.
（六）堅(jiān)持實(shí)施區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展和新型城鎮(zhèn)化戰(zhàn)略，著力推動(dòng)平衡發(fā)展，新的增長極增長帶加快成長。積極推進(jìn)京津冀協(xié)同發(fā)展、長江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶發(fā)展，編制實(shí)施相關(guān)規(guī)劃，建設(shè)一批重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。出臺(tái)一系列促進(jìn)西部開發(fā)、東北振興、中部崛起、東部率先發(fā)展的改革創(chuàng)新舉措。加大對革命老區(qū)、民族地區(qū)、邊疆地區(qū)、貧困地區(qū)扶持力度，加強(qiáng)援藏援疆援青工作。海洋保護(hù)和開發(fā)有序推進(jìn)。實(shí)施重點(diǎn)城市群規(guī)劃，促進(jìn)大中小城市和小城鎮(zhèn)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。絕大多數(shù)城市放寬落戶限制，居住證制度全面實(shí)施，城鎮(zhèn)基本公共服務(wù)向常住人口覆蓋。城鄉(xiāng)區(qū)域發(fā)展協(xié)調(diào)性顯著增強(qiáng)。
Sixth, with a commitment to implementing the coordinated regional development and new urbanization strategies, we have promoted more balanced development, and seen new growth poles and belts developing faster.
We have actively pursued coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, and the development of the Yangtze Economic Belt, drawn up and implemented related plans, and undertaken a number of key projects. We have unveiled a whole series of reforms and innovative measures to see the western region develop, northeast China revitalized, the central region rise, and the eastern region spearhead development. We have stepped up support for old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, border areas, and poor areas, and strengthened aid work in Tibet, Xinjiang, and Qinghai. We have steadily moved forward with protecting and developing maritime resources.
We have implemented plans for developing major city clusters, and pursued more balanced development of small, medium, and large cities, and small towns. The vast majority of cities in China have eased restrictions on permanent residency. A residence card system has been put into effect nationwide, and basic urban public services now cover all permanent residents. Development between urban and rural areas and between regions has become better coordinated.
